Table 1 Distribution of selected characteristics in 2,055 children aged 3 years
Variable | Overall | Low birth weight | Preterm birth | Small-for-gestational-age |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2055) | (n = 170) | (n = 93) | (n = 145) | |
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
Male sex | 1086 (52.9) | 92 (54.1) | 61 (65.6) | 79 (54.5) |
Toothbrushing frequency (times/day) | ||||
<2 | 1239 (60.3) | 96 (56.5) | 57 (61.3) | 88 (60.7) |
≥2 | 816 (39.7) | 74 (43.5) | 36 (38.7) | 57 (39.3) |
Use of fluoride | 1738 (84.6) | 137 (80.6) | 75 (80.7) | 115 (79.3) |
Regular dental check-ups | 895 (43.6) | 64 (37.7) | 32 (34.4) | 56 (38.6) |
Between-meal snack frequency (times/day) | ||||
<1 | 444 (21.6) | 33 (19.4) | 10 (10.8) | 35 (24.1) |
1 | 751 (36.6) | 75 (44.1) | 37 (39.8) | 61 (42.1) |
≥2 | 860 (41.9) | 62 (36.5) | 46 (49.5) | 49 (33.8) |
Breastfeeding duration | ||||
<12 months | 916 (44.6) | 97 (57.1) | 56 (60.2) | 83 (57.2) |
≥12 months | 1139 (55.4) | 73 (42.9) | 37 (39.8) | 62 (42.8) |
Paternal educational level (years) | ||||
<13 | 568 (27.6) | 53 (31.2) | 33 (35.5) | 43 (29.7) |
13 − 14 | 308 (15.0) | 24 (14.1) | 19 (20.4) | 16 (11.0) |
≥15 | 1179 (57.4) | 93 (54.7) | 41 (44.1) | 86 (59.3) |
Maternal educational level (years) | ||||
<13 | 581 (28.3) | 55 (32.4) | 22 (23.7) | 49 (33.8) |
13 − 14 | 822 (40.0) | 60 (35.3) | 38 (40.9) | 60 (41.4) |
≥15 | 652 (31.7) | 55 (32.4) | 33 (35.5) | 36 (24.8) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 271 (13.2) | 25 (14.7) | 12 (12.9) | 25 (17.2) |
Secondhand smoke exposure at home | 899 (43.8) | 67 (39.4) | 41 (44.1) | 59 (40.7) |
Low birth weight* | 170 (8.3) | – | – | – |
Preterm birth† | 93 (4.5) | – | – | – |
Small-for-gestational-age‡ | 145 (7.1) | – | – | – |