Table 2 Included studies
Appliance: sample/age (years) | Year of publication | Type of study | Measurement method | Type of Appliance | Duration of treatment | Cephalometric points for mandibular changes | Timing of treatment | Maturation analysis and method | Results conclusions of author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tulloch [23] | |||||||||
Bionator: 53 /9.4 | 1997 | RCT | CXRa | Bionator | 15 months | Mandibular length Co-Gn/Co-Pg+ (mm) | 1 year before of peak | Carpal | Functional appliances produce mandibular changes with great variation |
Control: 61/9.4 | 15 months | ||||||||
Martina [7] | |||||||||
Sander Bite Jumping: 23/10.9 | 2013 | RCT | CXRa | Sander Bite Jumping | 18 months | Mandibular length (Pg/OLp+ Co/OLp) | NAb | Cervical vertebrae | Treated individuals had a significant increase in mandibular length and molar relationship improvement |
Control: 23/10.5 | 12 months | Mandibular length (Pg/OLp + Co/OLp) | |||||||
Illing [24] | |||||||||
Twin block: 16/11.5 | 1998 | RCT | CXRa | Twin Block | 9 months | NAb | NAb | NAb | Both appliances demonstrated significant skeletal changes. |
Bionator: 18/11.8 | Bionator | 9 months | Co-Gna(mm) | ||||||
Control: 20 /11.2 | 9 months | NAb | |||||||
Nelson [22] | |||||||||
Harvold Activator: 12 /13 | 1993 | RCT | CXRa | Classic activator | 18 months | Co-Pog (mm) | NAb | NAb | No evidence supporting that functional appliances alter mandibular |
Frankel: 13/13 | Frankel | 18 months | Co-Pog (mm) | ||||||
Control: 17 /13 | 18 months | ||||||||
O Brien [19] | |||||||||
Twin block: 73/9.7 | 2003 | RCT | CXRa | Twin block | 15 months | Mandibular length (Pg/OLp + Co/OLp) | Pre-peak | NAb | The Twin-block appliance resulted in substantial reduction in the overjets of children with Class II malocclusion. |
Control: 74/9.8 | 15 months | (Pg/OLp + Co/OLp) | |||||||