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Table 2 Associations (odds ratio (OR) or incidence rate ratio (IRR)) between oral health outcomes and ethnicity identity, adjusting for increasing number of covariates

From: Ethnic disparities in children’s oral health: findings from a population-based survey of grade 1 and 2 schoolchildren in Alberta, Canada

Models

Ethnic groups (reference group: White)

South Asian

Filipino

Chinese

Black

Arab

Latin America

Indigenous

Mix ethnic

Outcome 1: Children with dental caries - OR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.55 (1.32, 1.82)

3.52 (2.82, 4.39)

2.37 (1.92, 2.93)

1.50 (1.17, 1.92)

3.80 (2.82, 5.14)

1.16 (0.90, 1.51)

4.52 (2.96, 6.90)

1.33 (1.14, 1.56)

 Model 2

1.50 (1.28, 1.76)

3.40 (2.70, 4.28)

2.51 (2.02, 3.12)

1.26 (0.95, 1.67)

3.38 (2.51, 4.55)

1.12 (0.87, 1.45)

3.96 (2.50, 6.28)

1.32 (1.12, 1.56)

 Model 3

1.51 (1.27, 1.79)

3.18 (2.48, 4.08)

2.61 (2.07, 3.28)

1.15 (0.83, 1.59)

3.71 (2.67, 5.17)

1.11 (0.84, 1.46)

3.43 (2.11, 5.59)

1.33 (1.12, 1.58)

Outcome 2: Caries experience (count of deft/DMFT) - IRR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.21 (1.13, 1.30)

1.83 (1.71, 1.95)

1.34 (1.24, 1.44)

1.24 (1.12, 1.37)

1.50 (1.35, 1.66)

1.05 (0.91, 1.21)

1.83 (1.64, 2.05)

1.25 (1.17, 1.35)

 Model 2

1.21 (1.13, 1.30)

1.80 (1.69, 1.93)

1.38 (1.28, 1.49)

1.15 (1.03, 1.27)

1.41 (1.27, 1.56)

1.00 (0.87, 1.16)

1.61 (1.43, 1.82)

1.24 (1.15, 1.33)

 Model 3

1.23 (1.14, 1.32)

1.80 (1.66, 1.94)

1.40 (1.30, 1.51)

1.13 (1.01, 1.28)

1.36 (1.22, 1.52)

0.99 (0.85, 1.15)

1.58 (1.39, 1.79)

1.23 (1.14, 1.32)

Outcome 3: ≥ 2 teeth with untreated caries – OR (95%CI)

 Model 1

3.04 (2.53, 3.65)

6.14 (4.95, 7.62)

2.14 (1.65, 2.76)

3.00 (2.29, 3.94)

3.66 (2.57, 5.22)

1.68 (1.18, 2.39)

3.96 (2.48, 6.34)

1.60 (1.25, 2.05)

 Model 2

2.63 (2.17, 3.17)

5.50 (4.42, 6.86)

2.34 (1.82, 3.03)

2.21 (1.64, 2.98)

2.92 (2.07, 4.13)

1.33 (0.93, 1.91)

2.51 (1.45, 4.36)

1.50 (1.16, 1.93)

 Model 3

1.95 (1.58, 2.40)

4.77 (3.71, 6.13)

2.41 (1.84, 3.15)

1.62 (1.15, 2.28)

2.17 (1.47, 3.20)

1.13 (0.78, 1.65)

2.00 (1.11, 3.61)

1.49 (1.15, 1.92)

Outcome 4: Fair or poor oral health status – OR (95%CI)

 Model 1

2.08 (1.70, 2.55)

2.13 (1.64, 2.77)

3.24 (2.52, 4.16)

1.32 (0.93, 1.87)

2.03 (1.38, 3.00)

1.50 (1.06, 2.13)

4.58 (3.11, 6.74)

1.25 (0.98, 1.60)

 Model 2

1.83 (1.49, 2.25)

2.00 (1.51, 2.66)

3.65 (2.80, 4.75)

0.91 (0.63, 1.33)

1.44 (0.96, 2.16)

1.16 (0.82, 1.65)

3.24 (2.18, 4.82)

1.19 (0.92, 1.54)

 Model 3

1.52 (1.20, 1.94)

2.25 (1.64, 3.09)

3.97 (3.02, 5.20)

0.86 (0.56, 1.31)

1.05 (0.65, 1.68)

1.20 (0.83, 1.72)

2.43 (1.57, 3.77)

1.25 (0.96, 1.63)

Covariates adjustment:

Model 1: age, sex and city.

Model 2: Model 1 covariates + highest level of educational attainment, dwelling ownership, and dental insurance.

Model 3: Model 2 covariates + frequency of tooth-brushing/day, routine dental visit in past year, sugar sweetened beverage consumption.

  1. NOTE: for the purpose of summarizing results in the text, we use the term “visible minority” to describe all groups except White and Indigenous [10]. We also consider the mixed ethnicity category separately