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Table 2 Adjusted estimates and adjusted absolute difference (AD) for multiple oral health outcomes

From: Socioeconomic status, oral health and dental disease in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States

 

% DT > 0

Mean DT

% Fair/poor self-rated oral health

Adjusted estimate

AD

Adjusted estimate

AD

Adjusted estimate

AD

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Australiaa

 Education

  Primary

32.7 (28.1, 37.2)

18.4 (13.1, 23.7)

0.8 (0.7, 1.0)

0.6 (0.4, 0.8)

24.5 (22.4, 26.6)

10.9 (8.4, 13.3)

  Secondary

28.6 (22.7, 34.6)

14.4 (7.7, 21.0)

0.5 (0.4, 0.7)

0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

16.3 (13.4, 19.1)

2.7 (−0.4, 5.7)

  Post-secondary

23.3 (19.9, 26.6)

9.0 (4.9, 13.1)

0.5 (0.4, 0.6)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

17.7 (16.1, 19.4)

4.1 (2.0, 6.3)

  University

14.3 (11.8, 16.8)

Ref

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

Ref

13.6 (12.1, 15.1)

Ref

 Income

  Low

27.7 (24.3, 31.0)

11.9 (6.8, 17.0)

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)

0.4 (0.2, 0.5)

25.3 (23.2, 27.4)

13.9 (11.1, 16.8)

  Medium

22.5 (19.5, 25.5)

6.8 (2.1, 11.4)

0.4 (0.4, 0.5)

0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

14.4 (13.0, 15.9)

3.1 (0.9, 5.2)

  High

15.8 (12.3, 19.3)

Ref

0.3 (0.2, 0.3)

Ref

11.4 (9.6, 13.1)

Ref

Canadab

 Education

  Primary

32.3 (25.2, 39.5)

22.1 (14.2, 30.0)

0.9 (0.6, 1.1)

0.7 (0.4, 0.9)

23.7 (17.7, 29.6)

13.0 (6.2, 19.7)

  Secondary

25.4 (19.9, 31.0)

15.2 (8.8, 21.6)

0.9 (0.6, 1.3)

0.7 (0.4, 1.1)

24.5 (18.7, 30.3)

13.8 (7.3, 20.4)

  Post-secondary

18.0 (15.0, 21.1)

7.8 (3.7, 12.0)

0.4 (0.4, 0.5)

0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

13.1 (10.6, 15.5)

2.4 (−1.3, 6.1)

  University

10.2 (7.3, 13.2)

Ref

0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

Ref

10.7 (7.9,13.5)

Ref

 Income

  Low

31.1 (22.5, 39.8)

16.7 (7.5, 25.9)

0.9 (0.6, 1.2)

0.6 (0.3, 1.0)

28.4 (20.7, 36.0)

16.9 (8.9, 24.9)

  Medium

22.4 (18.5, 26.4)

8.0 (3.0, 12.9)

0.7 (0.5, 0.8)

0.4 (0.2, 0.5)

19.7 (16.3, 23.1)

8.3 (4.1, 12.5)

  High

14.5 (11.9, 17.1)

Ref

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

Ref

11.4 (9.2, 13.7)

Ref

New Zealandc

 Education

  Primary

46.5 (37.6, 55.5)

17.7 (6.6, 28.7)

1.4 (1.0, 1.7)

0.8 (0.4, 1.2)

41.0 (32.0, 49.9)

17.6 (7.1, 28.1)

  Secondary

42.9 (36.8, 49.0)

14.1 (5.1, 23.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

0.4 (0.1, 0.6)

30.1 (24.4, 35.8)

6.7 (−1.3, 14.7)

  Post-secondary

35.6 (30.9, 40.3)

6.8 (−1.3, 14.8)

1.1 (0.9, 1.3)

0.5 (0.2, 0.8)

27.5 (23.3, 31.8)

4.2 (−2.9, 11.2)

  University

28.8 (22.4, 35.3)

Ref

0.6 (0.4, 0.7)

Ref

23.4 (17.9, 28.9)

Ref

 Income

  Low

43.4 (36.0, 50.8)

17.5 (8.0, 26.9)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

1.0 (0.5, 1.5)

38.3 (31.1, 45.5)

18.8 (9.8, 27.8)

  Medium

40.3 (33.2, 47.4)

14.3 (5.4, 23.3)

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

0.4 (0.2, 0.6)

31.4 (24.6, 38.2)

11.9 (3.7, 20.1)

  High

26.0 (20.5, 31.4)

Ref

0.5 (0.4, 0.7)

Ref

19.6 (14.8, 24.3)

Ref

United Statesd

 Education

  Primary

28.7 (24.1, 33.3)

20.1 (15.8, 24.5)

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)

0.4 (0.3, 0.5)

64.5 (61.1 67.9)

40.4 (35.2, 45.5)

  Secondary

19.0 (13.8, 24.2)

10.4 (4.7, 16.2)

0.4 (0.3, 0.5)

0.3 (0.1, 0.4)

51.7 (47.4, 56.0)

27.5 (22.6, 32.5)

  Post-secondary

16.3 (12.7, 19.9)

7.7 (3.6, 11.8)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

0.2 (0.1, 0.2)

45.0 (41.1, 48.9)

20.8 (16.3, 25.4)

  University

8.6 (5.5, 11.7)

Ref

0.2 (0.1, 0.2)

Ref

24.1 (20.1, 28.2)

Ref

 Income

  Low

21.1 (17.4, 24.8)

8.9 (4.8, 13.1)

0.4 (0.3, 0.5)

0.2 (0.1, 0.4)

54.0 (50.0, 58.1)

20.5 (13.0, 28.0)

  Medium

15.6 (11.3, 20.0)

3.4 (−2.2, 9.0)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

0.1 (−0.1, 0.2)

43.5 (38.6, 48.4)

10.0 (3.8, 16.2)

  High

12.2 (8.3, 16.2)

Ref

0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

Ref

33.5 (28.7, 38.4)

Ref

  1. NB: Data based on ages 25 years and older. Education adjusted for age and gender and Income adjusted for age, gender and education
  2. aNational Survey of Adult Oral Health, 2004–2006
  3. bCanadian Health Measures Survey, 2007–2009
  4. cNew Zealand Oral Health Survey, 2009
  5. dNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004
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