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Table 3 The relationship between the amount of food intake in each meal and obesity indices

From: Caries-related risk factors of obesity among 18-year-old adolescents in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study

Variable

Gender

BMI

WC

WHR

WHtR

TRSKF

Male

Female

Underweight + normal weight

n (%)

Overweight + Obese

n (%)

≤median

n (%)

>median

n (%)

≤median n (%)

>median n (%)

≤median n (%)

>median n (%)

≤median n (%)

>median n (%)

Grains

 

P < 0.001***

 

P = 0.791

 

P = 0.684

 

P = 0.701

 

P = 0.205

 

P = 0.329

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

 Median

165

1.72

(0.71)

2.00

212

1.29

(0.62)

1.00

319

1.49

(0.70)

1.00

58

1.45

(0.65)

1.00

189

1.50

(0.71)

1.00

188

1.47

(0.68)

1.00

189

1.49

(0.67)

1.00

188

1.48

(0.72)

1.00

189

1.52

(0.71)

1.00

188

1.44

(0.68)

1.00

191

1.52

(0.70)

1.00

186

1.45

(0.68)

1.00

Vegetables

 

P = 0.478

 

P = 0.238

 

P = 0.020**

 

P = 0.582

 

P = 0.097

 

P = 0.896

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

Median

163

1.48

(0.75)

1.00

213

1.52

(0.83)

1.00

320

1.49

(0.80)

1.00

56

1.60

(0.72)

1.50

190

1.47

(0.93)

1.00

186

1.55

(0.62)

1.50

189

1.53

(0.95)

1.00

187

1.49

(0.60)

1.00

190

1.49

(0.94)

1.00

186

1.53

(0.62)

1.50

192

1.50

(0.71)

1.00

184

1.52

(0.88)

1.00

Fruits

 

P = 0.095

 

P = 0.644

 

P = 0.332

 

P = 0.743

 

P = 0.350

 

P = 0.661

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

 Media n

166

1.06

(0.43)

1.00

211

1.13

(0.42)

1.00

318

1.097

(0.42)

1.00

59

1.14

(0.48)

1.00

188

1.08

(0.42)

1.00

189

1.12

(0.44)

1.00

189

1.10

(0.42)

1.00

188

1.11

(0.44)

1.00

188

1.09

(0.44)

1.00

189

1.12

(0.42)

1.00

191

1.09

(0.41)

1.00

186

1.12

(0.45)

1.00

Milk

 

P = 0.015**

 

P = 0.655

 

P = 0.159

 

P = 0.435

 

P = 0.314

 

P = 0.729

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

 Median

163

1.14

(0.47)

1.00

213

1.05

(0.40)

1.00

319

1.09

(0.43)

1.00

57

1.08

(0.46)

1.00

188

1.06

(0.36)

1.00

188

1.122

(0.50)

1.00

189

1.06

(0.37)

1.00

187

1.12

(0.49)

1.00

189

1.06

(0.36)

1.00

187

1.12

(0.50)

1.00

192

1.07

(0.41)

1.00

184

1.11

(0.46)

1.00

Meat

 

P < 0.001***

 

P = 0.036*

 

P = 0.001**

 

P = 0.018

 

P = 0.013*

 

P = 0.204

 n

  Mean

 (SD)

 Median

164

3.23

(1.78)

3.00

213

2.47

(1.70)

2.00

320

2.73

(1.75)

2.00

57

3.19

(1.87)

3.00

189

2.54

(1.46)

2.00

188

3.06

(2.01)

3.00

190

2.62

(1.50)

2.00

187

2.98

(2.00)

3.00

190

2.59

(1.46)

2.00

187

3.01

(2.02)

3.00

192

2.79

(2.00)

1.00

185

2.81

(1.51)

2.50

Oil

 

P = 0.878

 

P = 0.214

 

P = 0.313

 

P = 0.639

 

P = 0.280

 

P = 0.382

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

 Median

161

1.37

(0.74)

1.00

206

1.38

(0.69)

1.00

311

1.36

(0.72)

1.00

56

1.46

(0.67)

1.00

184

1.32

(0.59)

1.00

183

1.43

(0.82)

1.00

187

1.37

(0.60)

1.00

180

1.38

(0.81)

1.00

184

1.32

(0.58)

1.00

183

1.43

(0.82)

1.00

187

1.32

(0.60)

1.00

180

1.43

(0.81)

1.00

Sweet

 

P = 0.001**

 

P = 0.236

 

P = 0.819

 

P = 0.939

 

P = 0.360

 

P = 0.595

 n

 Mean

 (SD)

 Median

165

2.90

(2.53)

2.00

209

3.82

(3.48)

3.00

316

3.52

(3.26)

2.00

58

2.85

(2.18)

2.00

187

3.37

(2.98)

2.00

187

3.46

(3.27)

2.00

190

3.40

(2.98)

2.00

184

3.44

(3.28)

2.00

188

3.29

(2.90)

2.00

186

3.54

(3.34)

2.00

188

3.36

(3.01)

2.00

186

3.47

(3.24)

2.00

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-hip ratio, WHtR waist-height ratio, TRSKF triceps skinfold thickness
  2. BMI was classified into underweight/normal weight group vs overweight/obese group; WC, WHR, WHtR, and TRSKF were dichotomized by median values
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  4. P: Non-parametric tests, Mann-Whitney U test/Kruskal-Wallis test