Table 1 Circadian clock findings in dentistry. Major findings in chronobiology connected to oral and maxillofacial surgery, restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics and orthodontics are listed here
From: Chronodentistry: the role & potential of molecular clocks in oral medicine
Field of dentistry | Molecule/Target | Major finding | Study model | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral & maxillofacial surgery | Clock, Bmal1, Tim, Cry1, Per1 | oscillation in oral mucosa | in vitro/clinical | human | Bjarnason GA et al. (2001) |
|  | Bmal1, Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Ck1ε | dysregulation is associated with tumor development stage in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Matsumoto CS et al. (2016) |
|  | Per1, Per2, Dec1, Dec2, Cry1, Cry2, Npas2, Per3, Tim, Rorα, Rev-erbα | modulation is associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma | in vitro | human | Wang Q et al. (2016), Zhao Q et al. (2016), Li H-X et al. (2016), Fu X-J et al. (2016) |
| Â | Per, Tim | dysregulation is associated with tumor size, invasion and patient survival | in vitro | human | Hsu C-M et al. (2012) |
| Â | Per1 | association with tumor progression | in vitro | human | Chen R et al. (2012) |
| Â | Per1 | association with carcinogenesis | in vivo | hamster | Ye H et al. (2015) |
| Â | Per1 | association with later cancer stages and lymph node metastasis | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Zhao N et al. (2013) |
| Â | Per1 | modulation by titanium in bone marrow stromal cells | in vitro | human/rat/ mouse | Hassan N et al. (2017) |
| Â | Per1, Clock | recovery after surgery in head an neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with good prognosis | clinical | human | Hsu C-M et al. (2014) |
| Â | Per2 | potential tumor suppressor | in vivo | hamster | Tan X-M et al. (2015) |
| Â | Per, Bmal1 | association with tumor suppressor PTEN activity | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Matsumoto CS et al. (2016) |
| Â | Bmal1 | dysfunction is associated with juvenile skeletal mandibular hypoplasia | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Zhao J et al. (2018) |
| Â | Tumor supressor genes Oncogenes | clock-controled genes in oral mucosa | in vitro | human | Zieker D et al. (2010) |
Restorative dentistry | Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2 | production in ameloblasts | in vitro/in vivo | rat/mouse | Zheng L et al. (2013) |
| Â | Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2 | varying production during tooth development | in vivo | mouse | Zheng L et al. (2011) |
| Â | Per2 | production in murine odontoblasts | in vivo | rat | Ohtsuka-Isoya M et al. (2001) |
| Â | Bmal1 | stimulation of Amelx and Klk4stimulation of Amelx and Klk4 | in vitro | rat | Zheng L et al. (2013) |
| Â | Bmal1 | overexpression is associated with enamel morphology, thickness and hardness | in vitro | rat | Zheng L et al. (2013) |
| Â | Amelx, Lamp1, Slc4a4, Car2 | light period-dependent production | in vitro/in vivo | mouse/rat | Lacruz RS et al. (2012) |
| Â | Ameloblast-specific genes Runx2 | rhythmical production is associated with cell synchronization | in vitro | rat | Athanassiou-Papaefthymiou M et al. (2011) |
| Â | Collagen | production follows a circadian rhythm and might contributes to the rhythmicity of incremental lines in dentin | in vivo | rat | Ohtsuka M et al. (1998) |
| Â | Chronochemotherapy/ Chronoradiotherapy | reduction of adverse effects and stomatitis, improvement of treatment tolerance an survival time in oral squamous cell carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma | in vivo, clinical | mouse, human, mouse | Yang K et al. (2013), Zhang PX et al. (2018), Lin HX et al. (2013), Zhang Y et al. (2013) |
| Â | cross-striations and incremental line | potential correlationswith circadian periodicity | in vivo, post mortem | mouse, human, monkey | Sehic A et al. (2013), Antoine D et al. (2009), Smith TM et al. (2006) |
Endodontics | Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2 | sporadical production in dental pulp cells | in vivo | mouse | Zheng L et al. (2011) |
|  | Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2 | production by dental pulp-derived cells and modulation by hypoxic conditions | in vitro | human | Janjić K et al. (2018) |
|  | Bmal1, Per2, Rev-erbα Bmal1, Per2, Rev-erbα | mechanical stretching can synchronize clock components in dental pulp stem cells | in vitro | human | Rogers EH et al. (2017) |
| Â | Per2, Per3 | downregulation in dental pulps from carious teeth | in vitro | human | McLachlan JL et al. (2005) |
| Â | pulp sensibility | might follow diurnal rhythms | clinical | human | Guo B et al. (2007) |
|  | pain sensation | possible correlation with circadian phases in oral region | clinical | human | Pöllmann L et al. (1987), Pöllmann L et al. (1978), Lemmer B et al. (1989), Lemmer B et al. (1991) |
Periodontics | Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2 | production in fibroblasts from gingiva and periodontal ligament and modulation by hypoxic conditions | in vitro | human | Janjić K et al. (2017) |
| Â | Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2 | produced in oral mucosa | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Zheng L et al. (2012) |
| Â | Clock:Bmal1 dimer | stimulation of SMAD3 promotor activity in gingival fibroblasts | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Sato F et al. (2012) |
| Â | Bmal1 | increase of Agp5 | in vitro/in vivo | human/mouse | Zheng L et al. (2012) |
|  | IL-1β | production in diurnal rhythms in crevicular fluid | clinical | human | Bergmann A et al. (2008) |
| Â | periodontal indices | FMBS, FMPS, PSR and PRA show diurnal variations | clinical | human | Bertoldi C et al. (2017) |
Orthodontics | Osteocalcin | promotor activity is regulated in an oscillatory manner in the maxillomandibular complex | in vivo | mouse | Gafni Y et al. (2009) |