Table 1 Overview

Jiang W.

case-control clinical trial

12

12 rapid prototyping mandibular models 3D printed

better accuracy, applicability and efficiency

implantology

Murugesan YP.

experimental study

age 15 to 70; 6 categories of dental groups

humans

improved algorithm provides overall acceptable range of accuracy with a shorter operating time

dental surgery (operazioni su dente)

Pulijala Y.

Randomized control trial

95 novice surgical residents

virtual phantoms

iVR experiences improve the knowledge and self-confidence of the surgical residents. a framework is needed. Tech is not available

maxillofacial surgery (lefort1) students, learning

Schreurs R.

pilot experimental study

1 skull model

3d printed hard tissue model

a novel navigation concept for orbital reconstruction that provides real-time intuitive feedback during insertion of an orbital implant has been presented

maxillofacial, orbital implant placement

Won JY.

method description

1 model

phantom

simple method descrption (already existing software)

inferior nerve block anesthesia

Zhou C.

clinical trial

4 osteotomies on two samples

dogs

In this study, the robot system based on AR promises a precise osteotomy plane even when operated by inexperienced plastic surgeons

Mandibular angle split osteotomy (MASO)

Plessas A.

review

16 articles included

students

combining and alternating the traditional and pioneering simulation methods and feedback may be of benefit to the learners. However, there is insufficient evidence to advise for or against the use

educational and preclinic

Llena C.

case/control

41 two groups

students on models

The AR techniques favoured the gaining of knowledge and skills

Cavity preparation

Zhu M.

clinical trial

20 patients

on printed models of human patients

easy manipulation and high accuracy

maxillofacial surgery/reconstruction - nerve position

Wang J.

clinical trial

1 subject 1 phantom

mandible and maxillar phantoms (3d printed) and a volunteer

simple method and can be integrated with OMS

New method in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS)

Liu WP

experimental clinical trial

1 porcine tongue

computed tomography (CBCTA) and magnetic resonance (MR), Ex vivo (EV) porcine tongue phantoms

The 5 mm (mean) tool tracking error is not acceptable for clinical use and can be improved through intraoperative fluoroscopy. Experimental results show the feasibility and advantages

vascular landmarks for the resection of base of tongue neoplasm for transoral robotic surgery

Suenaga H.

experimental clinical trial

1 subject

human

displayed 3D-CT images in real space with high accuracy.

stereo vision in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Espejo-Trung LC.

blinded clinical trial with questionnaires

dental students (n = 28), professors and postgraduate students in dentistry and prosthetics (n = 30), and dentists participating in a continuing education or remedial course in dentistry and/or prosthetics (n = 19). total: 77

resin teeth scanned (XCadCam, Brazil);

This study’s methodology enabled the development of a learning object with a high index of acceptance among all groups, regardless of their ability with computers, gender, and age.

education

Qu M.

randomized clinical trial

20 patients with hemifacial microsomia 10 randomized and 10 control

humans

useful approach in mandibular distraction osteogenesis

transfer surgical planning to the surgical site in hemifacial microsomia elongment

Wang J.

experimental clinical study

1 phantom

A phantom experiment simulating oral and maxillofacial surgery was also performed to evaluate the proposed AR overlay device in terms of the image registration accuracy, 3D image overlay accuracy, and the visual effects of the overlay.

The experimental results show satisfactory image registration and image overlay accuracy, and confirm the system usability. Compensating 3D image distortion

a novel AR device for 3D image surgical overlay is presented

Badiali G.

experimental phantom trial

physical replica of a human skull

phantom

Our results suggest that the WARM device would be accurate when used to assist in waferless maxillary repositioning during the LeFort 1 orthognathic procedure. Further, our data suggest that the method can be extended to aid the performance of many surgical procedures on the facial skeleton. Also, in vivo testing should be performed to assess system accuracy under real clinical conditions.

Le Fort I, OMS

Katić D.

experimental animal study

1 pig

pig corpse

The system made the surgery easier and showed ergonomical benefits, as assessed by a questionnaire.

augmented reality (AR) system for dental implant surgery

Wang J.

experimental phantom study

1 phantom

patient phantom

The application innovation of this paper is a 3-D image overlay-based AR navigation system for dental surgery.

Computer-assisted oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) matches dental edge

Zinser MJ

clinical in vivo ttrial

sixteen adults class 3 humans

humans

the maxilla can be positioned independently and no intermediate intermaxillary splints are required. The surgeon gets a better feeling for the 3-dimensional nature of the maxilla, although he must adapt to the new technique

3-dimensional contours of the virtually-planned and real-time maxillary positions can be superimposed to augment the surgeon’s perception to 3dimensional cephalometric landmarks

Lin YK

in vitro study

40 osteotomy sites on 4 maxillar and 4 mandibular sites

in vitro stereolitho

Deviation of implant placement from planned position was significantly reduced by integrating surgical template and augmented reality technology.

implant placement

Suenaga H.

experimental clinical study

1 volunteer and 1 plastic model

human/phantom

an accurate AR system for use in oral and maxillofacial dentistry that provides a real-time, in situ, stereo- scopic visualization of 3D-CT IV images overlaid onto the surgical site with the naked eye.

overlaying a three-dimensional computed tomography image on a patient’s surgical area,

Aichert A.

experimental clinical study

1 subject

human

a novel application of augmented reality in an orthodontics routine procedure.

guided bracket placement in orthodontic correction

Bruellmann DD.

experimental in vitro study

126 human teeth

human teeth in vitro

The realized software shows that observations made in anatomical studies can be exploited to automate real-time detection of root canal orifices and tooth classification

reliable detection of root canals

Zhu M.

clinical in vivo ttrial

15 patients

humans

This study has reported a new and effective way for mandibular angle oblique split osteotomy, and using occlusal splint might be a powerful option for the registration of augmented reality.

mandibular angle oblique split osteotomy (MASO) with occlusal splint

Bogdan CM.

descriptive

virtual models

virtual models

project, is to increase the quality of the educational process in dental faculties, by assisting students in learning how to prepare teeth for all-ceramic restorations.

e-learning virtual reality-based software system that will be used for the developing skills in grinding teeth, needed in all-ceramic restorations. Virtual laboratory for the students of the dental medicine faculty

Suebnukarn S.

descriptive

thirty-two sixth-year dental students

virtual models

the augmented kinematic feedback can enhance the performance earlier in the skill acquisition and retention sessions

haptic VR training system

Wierinck ER.

experimental phantom study

Eighteen right-handed volunteers: operative dentists (EXP), the peri- odontologists (PER), and the naïve (NAIV) group

simulated patient or manikin with head and dentoform.

The VR simulator is a valid and reliable screening device to capture expert performance even after brief training to familiarize the subject with the new environment

tooth preparation, manual dexterity training

Mischkowski RA

clinical trial

5 patients

humans

Augmented reality tools like X-Scope® may be helpful for controlling maxillary translocation in orthognathic surgery.

maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery

Wierinck ER.

experimental in vitro trial

36 dental students first year divide in 3 groups of 12

phantoms

VR feedback enhances acquisition and retention of a cavity preparation task on a simulation unit

Cavity preparation simulators

Ewers R.

retrospective review of clinical trials

50 telemedically supported treatments. 20 videosequences of arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint are transmitted via UMTS cellular phones and independently evaluated by 3 experts.

humans

In many applications telecommunication technology can contribute to a quality improvement in cranio- and maxillofacial surgery because of the global availability of specialized knowledge.

computer-assisted navigation technology in augmented reality environments with telecommunication is used for execution of interactive stereotaxic teleconsultation. Arthroscopic videos of the temporomandibular joint and other craniomaxillofacial structures. Orbitozygomatic osteotomies, positioning of the mandibular condyle in orthognathic surgery, insertion of implants, positioning of the maxilla in orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint, and operation simulations on stereolithographic models

Nijmeh AD

review of the literature

n/a

CT, MRI, PET

guidance systems are useful tools for navigation of the surgical scene but not a substitute for sound surgical principles and a good knowledge of human anatomy.

oral surgery

Wierinck ER.

clinical trial on students

42 dental students

models

DentSimTM navigation system, was not suitable for manual skill learning in novice dental students.

manual dextrity training drilling a geometrical class 1 cavity

Ewers R

review

One hundred and fifty-eight operations from 1995 to 2003

humans

Our results indicate that the medical benefit is likely to outweight the expenditure of technology with few exceptions

positioning of dental implants; arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint and intraoperative optoelectronical axiography osteotomies of the facial skeleton removal of foreign bodies, image guided biopsies, punctures of the trigeminal ganglion; resection of the temporal bone, tumor resection and reconstruction with calvarial transplant, reconstruction of the orbital floor, positioning of positioning-screws