Effects of self-assessed chewing ability, tooth loss and serum albumin on mortality in 80-year-old individuals: a 20-year follow-up study

Table 2 Hazard ratios of demographics and risk factors estimated by Cox’s proportional hazard model for mortality

	Men			Women			Total			Strata model (Strata by sex)
	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Model fit	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Model Fit	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Model fit	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Model fit
Number of remaining teeth	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.041	0.040	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.655	0.655	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.627	0.627	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.148	0.148
Edentulous/dentulous	1.52 (1.13–2.04)	0.006	0.006	1.12 (0.83–1.50)	0.461	0.461	1.09 (0.76–1.30)	0.437	0.437	1.30 (1.05–1.60)	0.016	0.016
Serum albumin (g/dL)	2.14 (1.42–3.24)	0.007	0.007	2.01 (1.15–3.52)	0.015	0.016	2.30 (1.30–4.24)	0.001	0.001	0.47 (0.31–0.71)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Smoking	0.86 (0.62–1.18)	0.180	0.180	1.42 (0.56–3.81)	0.492	0.490	0.79 (0.56–1.11)	0.140	0.140	0.66 (0.62–1.18)	0.341	0.341
BMI
Normal range (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25)	Reference		0.007	Reference		0.777	Reference		0.402	Reference		0.292
Underweight (< 18.5)	1.90 (1.10–3.26)	0.021		0.81 (0.49–1.44)	0.478		1.07 (0.73–1.59)	0.720		1.12 (0.79–1.73)	0.445
Obese class (25 ≤ BMI)	0.72 (0.49–1.05)	0.088		0.97 (0.71–1.34)	0.871		0.86 (0.68–1.10)	0.224		0.86 (0.68–1.10)	0.225
Alcohol
Never	Reference		0.853	Reference		0.278	Reference		0.189	Reference		0.511
Almost never	0.88 (0.56–1.38)	0.570		1.12 (0.70–1.81)	0.635		1.18 (0.86–1.62)	0.304		0.97 (0.70–1.35)	0.857
Sometimes	0.88 (0.58–1.35)	0.566		0.63 (0.37–1.05)	0.077		0.93 (0.68–1.26)	0.623		0.79 (0.57–1.10)	0.137
Daily	0.86 (0.61–1.23)	0.414		1.13 (0.64–1.99)	0.681		1.28 (0.98–1.66)	0.068		0.91 (0.68–1.20)	0.526

For alcohol consumption, sometimes there were combinations of three categories: “More than three days per week”, “One or two days per week,” and “Less than 3 days per month”
For men, dental status and serum levels of albumin were statistically significant; in contrast, only serum levels of albumin were statistically significant in women
Almost all of the indexes were statistically significant in men except for smoking and alcohol intake. In contrast, only serum levels of albumin by clinical cut off were significant in women
Life expectancy has sex differences, and the hazard ratio of sex was a strong confounder in the investigation of the factors affecting mortality. This violates the hazard ratios of the factors being investigated. Using the stratified Cox proportional hazards model, hazard ratios of the factors investigated were assumed to be constant across the strata. The results of the strata model were adjusted for the hazard ratio of sex
For the strata model (strata by sex), edentulous/dentulous status and serum levels of albumin were statistically significant

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