Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants at baseline (n = 200)
|  | Control n = 61 | Mothers n = 73 | Art n = 66 | Total n = 200 | P-values Among three groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | Chi-Square |
Gender | |||||
 Male | 50 (82) | 40 (54.8) | 44 (66.7) | 134 (67) | 0.004a |
 Female | 11 (18) | 33 (45.2) | 22 (33.3) | 66 (33) |  |
Age | |||||
 6–12 | 31 (50.8) | 30 (41.1) | 24 (36.4) | 85 (42.5) | 0.25 |
 13–17 | 30 (49.2) | 43 (58.9) | 42 (63.6) | 115 (57.5) |  |
Grade | |||||
 Preschool- 5th grade | 31 (50.8) | 26 (35.6) | 23 (34.8) | 80 (40) | 0.12 |
 6th- 10th grade | 30 (49.2) | 47 (64.4) | 43 (65.2) | 120 (60) |  |
Place of residence | |||||
 Dormitory | 10 (16.4) | 14 (19.2) | 20 (30.3) | 44 (22) | 0.13 |
 Home | 51 (83.6) | 59 (80.8) | 46 (69.7) | 156 (78) |  |
Status of visual impairment | |||||
 Blind | 23 (37.7) | 25 (34.2) | 23 (34.8) | 71 (35.5) | 0.91 |
 Low vision | 38 (62.3) | 48 (65.8) | 43 (65.2) | 129 (64.5) |  |
BOP | |||||
 Yes | 51 (83.6) | 52 (71.2) | 46 (69.7) | 149 (74.5) | 0.14 |
 No | 10 (16.4) | 21 (28.8) | 20 (30.3) | 51 (25.5) |  |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ANOVA |
OHI-S | 2.02(0.68) | 2.00 (0.70) | 1.95 (0.68) | 1.99 (0.69) | 0.84 |
Fathers’ education (year)b | 10.35 (5.20) | 11.67 (4.43) | 9.76 (4.68) | 10.66 (4.80) | 0.07 |
 Missing (n = 16) |  |  |  |  |  |
Mothers’ education (year)b | 9.79 (4.80) | 11.20 (4.17) | 8.11 (4.07) | 9.78 (4.51) | < 0.001a |
 Missing (n = 11) |  |  |  |  |  |