Table 1 Landmark names and definitions

Nasion

N

The most antero-inferior point on the frontal bone at the fronto-nasal suture.

Landmarks for head orientation

Orbitale

Or

The most inferior point of the lower border of the boney orbit.

Porion

Po

The most superior point of external auditory meatus.

Basion

Ba

The most inferior point at the anterior margin of the foramen magnum in the midsagittal plane.

Pogonion

Pog

The most anterior point in mandibular chin area in the sagittal plane.

Landmarks on chin

Point C

C

The deepest point on the anterior surface of the lingual cortical plate of the chin symphysis (Fig. 3).

Reference landmarks in symphysis

Point D

D

Intersection of the line connecting C and Pog with the anterior cortical plate of the chin (Fig. 3).

Point E

E

The most inferior point on the inner surface of the cortical plate of the chin symphysis (Fig. 3).

Mental foramen

MF

The center of the mental foramen (Fig. 4).

Landmarks on mandibular canal

Anterior mental foramen

MFA

The most anterior point of the mental foramen (Fig. 4).

Mandibular foramen

MdF

The center of the mandibular foramen (Fig. 4).