Table 1 Cephalometric landmarks used in the study

6s

Mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar

A-point (A)

Deepest point of the maxillary base between the anterior nasal spine and the alveolar crest

Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS)

Tip of the anterior nasal spine

B-Point (B)

Deepest point in the concavity of the anterior border of the symphysis

Border movement 1 (Bm1)

Maximum retrusion point at maximum retrusion value with the George Gauge at parallel line from occlusal plane and 2 mm opening from incisal edge of upper incisor

Border movement 2 (Bm2)

Maximum protrusion point at maximum protrusion value with George Gauge at parallel line from occlusal plane and 2 mm opening from incisal edge of upper incisor

Border movement 3 (Bm3)

Rotational posterior point at 25 mm of vertical opening

Border movement 4 (Bm4)

Maximum opening point at 50 mm

Cervical vertebra (C1)

The most anterior point on the corpus of the first cervical vertebra

Cervical vertebra (C2)

The most anterior-inferior point on the corpus of the second cervical vertebra

Cervical vertebra (C3)

The most anterior-inferior point on the corpus of the third cervical vertebra

Cervical vertebra (C4)

The most anterior-inferior point on the corpus of the fourth cervical vertebra

Condyle (Co)

The center point of the condyle

Condyle posterior (Cp)

The most posterior posterior point of the condyle

Condyle superior (Cs)

The most posterior superior point of the condyle

Condyle anterior (Ca)

The most anterior superior point of the condyle

Eminence (E)

The most inferior point of the articular eminence

Fossa (F)

The most superior point of the glenoid fossa

Geni apophyse (Ge)

The most posterior point of the apophyse geni

Gnathion(Gn)

Midpoint between the most anterior and inferior point on the bony chin

Gonion (Go)

The most convex point where the posterior and inferior curves of the ascending ramus meet each other

Incisor superior (IS)

The most inferior anterior point of the incisal edge of the maxillary incisor

Incisor inferior (II)

The most superior anterior point of the incisal edge of the mandibular incisor

Mandibular Incisor Edge (II)

Tip of the mandibular central incisor

Maxillary Incisor Edge (IS)

Tip of the maxillary central incisor

Menton (Me)

Most inferior point of the symphysis

Nasion (N)

Most anterior superior point at the intersection of the nasal bone and the nasofrontal suture in the midsagittal plane

Orbitale (Or)

Most inferior point of outer border of the orbital cavity

Pogonion (Pog)

Most anterior point on the midsagittal symphysis

Porion (Po)

Most superior point of the external auditory canal

Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS)

Tip of the posterior spine of the palatine bone

Retrusion opening point

5 mm (R5)

Point on line parallel to maxillary occlusal plane at 5 mm and crossing arch with center on Co and radius on II

Retrusion opening point

10 mm (R10)

Point on line parallel to maxillary occlusal plane at 10 mm and crossing arch with center on Co and radius on II

Sella (S)

Center of sella turcica