Table 2 Statistically significant determinants related to children’s sex, age and weight status contributing to dental caries
Determinants | Association: positive ( +), negative (−)a | Author study design | Country | Type of dentition | N | Age group (gender) | Study setting | Scoring system | Type/s of statistical analysis | Dental caries/scoring results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||||||
Male (primary dentition) |  +  | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Male |  +  | Kabil & Eltawil, 2016 [18] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 140 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO AAPD-ECC | Logistic regression | DMFT = 9.96 |
Male |  +  | Kabil & Eltawil [19] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 108 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | Logistic regression | ECCP = 57% (2–3 y) ECCP = 73% (3–4 y) |
Male |  +  | Abu Hamila [21](CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft = 2.1–7.6 |
Male |  +  | Bayat-Movahed et al. [27] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 18,946 | 3,6,9,12 y (M, F) | Community health centres | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | T-test Z-test | dmft = 1.9 (3 y) dmft = 5.0 (6 y) dmft = 3.6 (9 y) dmft = 0.6 (12 y) DMFT = 0.2 (6 y) DMFT = 0.9 (9 y) DMFT = 1.9 (12 y) |
Male |  +  | Sadeghi et al. [35] (CS) | Iran | Permanent | 747 | 12–15 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | T-test, Chi-Square | Caries free = 16.1% DMFT = 2.83 (SD 2.2) |
Male |  +  | Saied-Moallemi et al. [36] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 459 | 9 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | One-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann- Whitney | dmft = 4.2 (M) dmft = 3.4 (F) DMFT = 0.4 |
Male |  +  | Goodson et al. [47] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary Mixed Permanent | 8,319 | Mean age = 11.36 y (grade 4 and 5) (M, F) | School | Percentage of decayed or filled teethb | Multivariate rank-based Wilcoxon regression | Decayed or filled teeth (all body weights) = 11.01% (SEM 0.11) Decayed or filled teeth (males) = 11.76% (SEM 0.19) Decayed or filled teeth (females) = 10.53% (SEM 0.14) |
Male |  +  | Hashim et al. [85] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5,6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Chi-Square, ZINB regression | DCP = 76.1% dmft = 4.4 dmfs = 10.2 |
Female |  +  | Bashirian et al. [26] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 988 | 7–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multiple regression | DCP = 80.36% dmft = 3.61 DMFT = 0.79 |
Female |  +  | Khani-Varzegani et al. [31] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 756 | 4–7 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | dmft median (25th–75th percentile): All = 4(2–8) Males = 4(2–9) Females = 5(2–8) |
Female |  +  | Jahani et al. [30] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 845 | 9 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Ordinal logistic regression | Moderate to high DCPc = 50% of the children |
Female |  +  | Farsi & Elkhodary [65] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 801 | Mean age = 16.5 y (Grade 11) (M, F) | School | ASTDD (DT) | Mann- Whitney | DT boys = 3.9 (SD 3.5) DT girls = 4.9 (SD 3.7) |
Female |  +  | Huew et al. [50] (CS) | Libya | Permanent | 791 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT, DMFS) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 57.8% DMFT = 1.78 DMFS = 2.39 |
Female |  +  | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
Gender | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Age | ||||||||||
Age |  +  | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Age |  +  | Abu Hamila [21] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft = 2.1–7.6 |
Age |  +  | Bashirian et al. 2018 [26] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 988 | 7–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, DMFT) | Multiple regression | DCP = 80.36% dmft = 3.61 DMFT = 0.79 |
Age |  +  | Shaghaghian et al. [37] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 396 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 69.9% dmft = 3.88 |
Age |  +  | Khani-Varzegani et al. [31] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 756 | 4–7 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | Median (25th–75th percentile) dmft: All = 4 (2–8) Boys = 4 (2–9) Girls = 5 (2–8) |
Age |  +  | Eslamipour et al. [28] (CS) | Iran | Permanent | 748 | 11–20 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Chi-Square, Binary logistic regression | DCP = 88.8% DMFT (11–14 y) = 4.94 (SD 3.59) DMFT (11–14 y) = 3.02 (SD 2.51) DMFT = 5.00 (SD 3.37) (14–17 y) DMFT (17–20 y) = 6.66 (SD 3.82) |
Age |  +  | Mohebbi et al. [33] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 504 | 12–36 m (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Logistic regression | ECCP: 12–15 m = 3% 16–19 m = 9% 20–25 m = 14% 26–36 m = 33% dmft =  < 0.1 (12–15 m) dmft = 0.2 (16–19 m) dmft = 0.4(20–25 m) dmft = 1.2(26–36 m) |
Age |  +  | Askarizadeh & Siyonat [23] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 620 | 2–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | DCP = 17.2% dmft = 8.5 (M) dmft = 7.8 (F) |
Age |  +  | Sayegh et al. 2002d [43] (CS) Sayegh et al. d [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Age |  +  | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% ECCP = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Age |  +  | Wyne et al. [69] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 1016 | 2–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Logistic regression | DCP = 27.3% dmft = 8.6 |
Age |  +  | Al-Mutawa el al. [46] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary Permanent | 4588 | 5,6,12,14 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft, DMFT, DFS) | Multivariate analysis | dft = 4.6 (5–6 y) DMFT = 0.4(6 y) DMFT = 2.6 (12 y) DMFT = 3.9 (14 y) DFS = 0.4 (6 y) DFS = 3.4 (12 y) DFS = 5.2 (14 y) |
Age |  +  | Qadri et al. [73] (CS) | Syria | Primary | 400 | 3–5 y (M, F) | School | ECC WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Logistic regression | ECCP = 48% DCP = 70% dmft = 4.25 (SD 4.24) |
Age |  +  | İnan-Eroğlu et al. [78] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 395 | 36–71 m (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis | dmft = 4.7 dmfs = 8.0 |
Age |  +  | Dogan et al. [77] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 3171 | 8–60 m (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 17.3% dft = 0.63 (1.79) |
Age |  +  | Namal et al. [80] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 598 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft) | Multiple logistic regression | dft = 74.1% |
Age |  +  | Olmez et al. [82] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 95 | 9–57 m (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dft) | Chi-Square, Kruskal–Wallis | DCP = 75.5% dft = 6.2 |
Age |  +  | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
Age | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Age |  +  | Hashim et al. [85] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5,6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Chi-Square,ZINB regression | DCP = 76.1% dmft = 4.4 dmfs = 10.2 |
Weight status | ||||||||||
Over weight |  +  | Jahani et al. [30] (CS) | Iran | Primary Permanent | 845 | 9 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft/DMFT) | Ordinal logistic regression | Moderate to high DCP1 = 50% of the children |
BMI |  +  | Bagherian & Sadeghi [25] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 400 | 30–70 m (M, F) | Not specified | WHO (defs) | Multiple logistic regression | ECCP = 55.2% S-ECCP = 51.2% defs = 8.37 (SD 11.2) |
BMI |  +  | Abu El Qomsan et al. [56] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 386 | 6–12 y (M, F) | School and Clinic | WHO (DMFT, DT, FT) | One-way ANOVA, Spearman’s | DT: Underweight = 3.06 (SD 1.48) Normal weight = 2.90 (SD 2.34) Over weight = 3.69 (SD 2.39) Obese = 4.00 (SD 2.57) FT: Underweight = 0.25 (SD 0.68) Normal weight = 0.34 (SD 0.95) Over weight = 0.39 (SD 0.70) Obese = 0.68 (SD 1.18) |
BMI | − | Alghamdi & Almahdy [59] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 610 | 14–16 y (M) | School | Not specified DMFT | Logistic regression | DCP = 54.1% |
Low BMI |  +  | Quadri et al. [68] (CS) | KSA | Primary Permanent | 360 | 6–15 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dft/DMFT) | Logistic regression | dft/DMFT =  2.52 (F), 1.88 (M) |
BMI | − | Goodson et al. [47] (CS) | Kuwait | Primary Mixed Permanent | 8,319 | Mean age = 11.36 y (grade 4 & 5) (M, F) | School | Percentage of decayed or filled teeth1 | Multivariate rank-based Wilcoxon regression | Decayed or filled teeth (all body weights) = 11.01% (SEM 0.11) Decayed or filled teeth (males) = 11.76% (SEM 0.19) Decayed or filled teeth (females) = 10.53% (SEM 0.14) |
Under weight |  +  | Köksal et al. [79] (CS) | Turkey | Primary Permanent | 245 | 5–6 y (M. F) | Unclear | WHO (dmft, DMFT, dmfs) | Chi-Square, Mann- Whitney, Spearman’s | DCP = 85.9% dmft = 5.3 (SD 3.78) DMFT = 0.27(SD 0.74) dmfs = 10.5(SD 9.67) DMFS = 0.33(SD 0.95) |
Weight status | Variede | Bhayat et al. [64] (CS) | KSA | Permanent | 402 | 12 y (M) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Linear regression | DCP = 49% DMFT = 1.46 (SD 2.04) |
BMI |  +  | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |