Table 5 Statistically significant nutrition-related determinants contributing to dental caries
Determinants | Association: positive ( +), negative (−)a | Author (study design) | Country | Type of dentition | N | Age group (gender) | Study setting | Scoring system | Type/s of statistical analysis | Dental caries/scoring results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beverages | ||||||||||
Soft drinks |  +  | Chedid et al. [49] (CS) | Lebanon | Primary | 99 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DFS score and bite wing radiograph) | Pearson’s | DCP = 74.7% |
Soft drinks |  +  | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP: 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Soft drinks |  +  | Hashim et al.b [88] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Risk Ratio, Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Fruit juice- before bed |  +  | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% Rampant caries = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Fruit juice-frequent consumption |  +  | Hashim et al.b [88] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Risk Ratio, Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Citrus juice-frequent consumption (mixed dentition) |  +  | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Fruit squash- frequent consumption |  +  | Huew et al. [51] (CS) | Libya | Permanent | 791 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate stepwise regression | DCP = 57.8% DMFT = 1.68 DMFS = 2.38 |
Fruit squash- frequent consumption |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [43] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Fruit squash-frequent consumption |  +  | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD | Stepwise multiple logistic regression | DCP = 73% ECCP = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.7 |
Tea with sugar |  +  | Sayegh et al. [43] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Tea with sugar |  +  | Hashim et al.b [88] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Risk Ratio Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Flavoured milk |  +  | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Sweetened beveragesd |  +  | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, Pearson’s | DCP: 41% dmft = 1.7 (SD 2.81) |
Sweetened beveragesd | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Sweetened beveragesd |  +  | Ahmed et al. [41] (CS) | Iraq | Permanent | 392 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | ANOVA | DCP = 62% DMFT = 1.7 |
Sugar rich food | ||||||||||
Sugar containing foodse |  +  | Quadri et al. [67] (CS) | KSA | Primary Permanent | 853 | 6–15 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Multi regression | DCP = 91.3% |
Sugar containing foodse |  +  | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Sugar containing foodse |  +  | Jaghasi et al. [72] (CS) | Syria | Not specified | 504 | 6–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Logistic regression | DCP = 85% |
Sugar containing foodse |  +  | Hashim et al.a [88] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Risk Ratio, Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Sugar containing foodse- frequent consumption |  +  | Elamin et al. [89] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 186 | 1.5–4 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | T-test, Pearson’s | DCP: 41% dmft = 1.7 (SD 2.81) |
Sugar containing foodse- frequent consumption |  +  | Sayegh et al.b [43] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Snacks and meal frequency | ||||||||||
Sweet snacksf and beverages |  +  | Kowash et al. [91] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 540 | 4–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 74.1% dmft = 3.01 SiC = 13.3 |
Sweet snacksf and beverages |  +  | Kowash [92] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 176 | 1.5–5 y (M, F) | Clinic | BASCD (dmft, dmfs) | Descriptive statistics | dmft = 10.9 dmfs = 32.1 |
Sweet snacksf and beverages |  +  | Hashim et al. b [86] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (ECC) | Logistic regression | Severe ECCP = 31.1% |
Sweet snacksf-frequent consumption |  +  | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted odds ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Snacks-frequent consumption |  +  | Hashim et al.b [87] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Risk Ratio, Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Snacks |  +  | Chedid et al. [49] (CS) | Lebanon | Primary | 99 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DFS score and bite wing radiographs) | Pearson’s | DCP = 74.7% |
Milk-as snack | − | Chedid et al. [49] (CS) | Lebanon | Primary | 99 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DFS score and bite/wing radiograph) | Pearson’s | DCP = 74.7% |
Main meal consumption | Unclear | Khadri et al. [90] (CS) | UAE | Permanent | 803 | 11–17 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate regression | DCP = 75% DMFT = 3.19 (SD 2.9) |
Eating frequently (> 5times daily) |  +  | Hashim et al.a [88] (CS) | UAE | Primary | 1036 | 5–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Risk Ratio, Bivariate analysis | dmft = 4.5 |
Other eating related factors | ||||||||||
No fruit consumption- | − | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Sweet taste perception |  +  | Ashi et al. [63] (CS) | KSAg | Permanent | 225 | 15–15 y (M, F) | School | ICDAS, (DMFS) | One-way ANOVA LSD | DMFS = 2.99 |
Low dietary scoreh |  +  | Al-Otaibi et al. [93] (CS) | Yemen | Not specified | 400 | 12 y (M, F) | School | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate logistic regression, | DCP = 90.2% DMFT = 2.22 |
Low nutrient foodi-frequent consumption |  +  | İnan-Eroğlu et al. [78] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 395 | 36–71 m (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis | dmft = 4.7 dmfs = 8.0 |
Dairy products-low consumption |  +  | Jaghasi et al. [72] (CS) | Syria | Not specified | 504 | 6–12 y (M, F) | School | WHO | Logistic regression | DCP = 85% |
Cod liver intake | − | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
Nutritious foodj-frequent consumption | − | Abbass et al. [20] (CS) | Egypt | Primary Mixed Permanent | 369 | 3–18 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft, deft, DMFT) | Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s | DCP = 74% dmft = 3.23 (SD 4.07) deft = 4.21 (SD 3.21) DMFT = 1.04 (SD 1.56) |
Infant feeding practices | ||||||||||
Feeding typek |  +  | Abu Hamila [21] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 560 | 1–3.5 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dmft) | Chi-Square | ECCP = 69.6% dmft range = 2.1–7.6 |
Breastfeeding-Long duration |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [44] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Breastfeeding -On demand feeding |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [44] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Formula feeding |  +  | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Formula feeding |  +  | Bener et al. [55] (CS) | Qatar | Permanent | 1284 | 6–15 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 73% DMFT = 4.5 |
Formula feeding |  +  | Qadri et al. [73] (CS) | Syria | Primary | 400 | 3–5 y (M, F) | School | ECC WHO (dmft, dmfs) | Logistic regression | ECCP = 48% DCP = 70% dmft = 4.25 (SD 4.24) |
Night feeding -bottle |  +  | Mohebbi [33] (CS) | Iran | Primary | 504 | 1–3 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO | T-test, Chi-Square, ANOVA, Logistic regression | DCP = 3–26% depending on age |
Night feeding -bottle |  +  | Ozer et al. [83] (CS) | Turkey | Primary | 226 | 3–6 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) AAPD (ECC) | Bivariate analysis | ECCP = 46.9% dmft = 2.87 |
Night feeding |  +  | Kabil & Eltawil, 2016 [18] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 140 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (DMFT) | Logistic regression | DMFT = 9.96 |
Night feeding |  +  | Kabil & Eltawil [19] (CS) | Egypt | Primary | 108 | 2–4 y (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (ECC) | Logistic regression | ECCP = 57% (2–3 y), 73% (3–4 y) |
Bottle feeding-on demand |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [44] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Sleep with bottle |  +  | Alhabdan et al. [60] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 578 | 6–8 y (M) | School | WHO (dmft) | Adjusted Odds Ratios, Multivariate model logistic regression | DCCP = 83% dmft = 4.20 (SD 2.96) |
Sleep next to mother |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [44] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Dummy use |  +  | Sayegh et al.c [44] Sayegh et al.c [45] (CS) | Jordan | Primary | 1140 | 4–5 y (M, F) | School | WHO (dmft) | Multivariate analysis | DCP = 67% dmft > 4 in 31% |
Dummy-sweetened |  +  | Al-Malik et al. [57] (CS) | KSA | Primary | 987 | 2–5 y (M, F) | School | BASCD (dmft, dmfs)) | Logistic regression | DCP = 73% ECCP = 43% dmft = 4.8 dmfs = 12.67 |
Shared spoons between mother and childl |  +  | Cogulu et al. [76] (L-24 m) | Turkey | Primary | 92 | 15–35 m (M, F) | Clinic | WHO (dft, dfs) | Logistic regression | Final DCP = 45% Final dft = 1.0 Final dfs = 1.8 |