Table 3 Risk of bias
Domain | Study | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fujii et al. | Hyomoto et al. | Qian et al. | Yahara et al. | |
Bias due to confounding | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk |
Bias in the selection of participants into the study | Critical risk | Critical risk | Critical risk | Critical risk |
Bias in the classification of interventions | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk | Serious risk |
Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Bias due to missing data | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Bias in measurement of outcomes | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk |
Bias in the selection of the reported result | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk |
Overall | Critical risk | Critical risk | Critical risk | Critical risk |