Table 1 Characteristics and dental fluorosis among children in Bang Len District, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 2015

Overall

289

118 (40.8)

14 (4.9)

117 (40.5)

27 (9.3)

13 (4.5)

Study area

 Sai Ngam

65 (22.5)

26 (40.0)

6 (9.2)

20 (30.8)

8 (12.3)

5 (7.7)

 Bang Sai Pa

40 (13.8)

23 (57.5)

0

14 (35.0)

2 (5.0)

1 (2.5)

 Hin Mun

67 (23.2)

18 (26.8)

6 (9.0)

35 (52.2)

7 (10.5)

1 (1.5)

 Bang Luang

106 (36.7)

41 (38.7)

2 (1.9)

47 (44.3)

10 (9.4)

6 (5.7)

 Nin Phet

11 (3.8)

10 (90.9)

0

1 (9.1)

0

0

Sex

 Female

136 (47.1)

56 (41.2)

6 (4.4)

53 (38.9)

13 (9.6)

8 (5.9)

 Male

153 (52.9)

62 (40.5)

8 (5.2)

64 (41.8)

14 (9.2)

5 (3.3)

Age (year)

 Mean ± SD

7.9 ± 0.8

7.8 ± 0.8

7.9 ± 0.8

7.9 ± 0.8

8.0 ± 0.6

8.2 ± 0.9

 6

1 (0.4)

1 (100)

0

0

0

0

 7

98 (33.9)

45 (45.9)

5 (5.1)

38 (38.8)

6 (6.1)

4 (4.1)

 8

132 (45.6)

50 (37.9)

6 (4.6)

57 (43.1)

16 (12.1)

3 (2.3)

 9

51 (17.7)

18 (35.3)

3 (5.9)

19 (37.2)

5 (9.8)

6 (11.8)

 10

7 (2.4)

4 (57.1)

0

3 (42.9)

0

0

Caregiver’s education (n = 191)

 No schooling

90 (47.1)

32 (35.6)

3 (3.3)

39 (43.3)

10 (11.1)

6 (6.7)

 Primary school

50 (26.2)

19 (38.0)

2 (4.0)

26 (52.0)

2 (4.0)

1 (2.0)

 Secondary school

43 (22.5)

18 (41.8)

2 (4.7)

14 (32.6)

8 (18.6)

1 (2.3)

 Vocational college

7 (3.7)

2 (28.6)

0

3 (42.8)

0

2 (28.6)

 Undergraduate

1 (0.5)

0

1 (100.0)

0

0

0

Family income per month [in THB, 30 THB ≈ 1 USD]

 Respondent (n)

201

73

10

89

20

9

 Median

9000

9000

9500

9000

10,000

9000

 IQR

6000

5000

5000

4000

11,550

8000

 Minimum

700

700

5000

1000

1500

3500

 Maximum

50,000

30,000

50,000

50,000

30,000

40,000

Sufficiency of family income per month [≥ 26,025 THB]*

 Sufficient

8 (4.0)

1 (12.5)

1 (12.5)

3 (37.5)

2 (25.0)

1 (12.5)

 Insufficient

193 (96.0)

72 (37.3)

9 (4.7)

86 (44.5)

18 (9.3)

8 (4.2)

Breastfeeding (n = 212)

 Yes

188 (88.7)

72 (38.3)

9 (4.8)

82 (43.6)

16 (8.5)

9 (4.8)

 No

24 (11.3)

3 (12.5)

1 (4.2)

12 (50.0)

6 (25.0)

2 (8.3)

Brushing frequency before 2 years old (n = 215)

 No brushing

22 (10.2)

10 (45.4)

1 (4.6)

7 (31.8)

3 (13.6)

1 (4.6)

 Once a day

120 (55.8)

34 (28.3)

8 (6.7)

60 (50.0)

14 (11.7)

4 (3.3)

 Twice a day

65 (30.2)

31 (47.6)

1 (1.5)

25 (38.5)

4 (6.2)

4 (6.2)

 > 2 times a day

8 (3.8)

1 (12.5)

1 (12.5)

5 (62.5)

0

1 (12.5)

Brushing frequency at ≥ 2 years old (n = 224)

 Once a day

63 (28.1)

24 (38.1)

4 (6.4)

26 (41.2)

7 (11.1)

2 (3.2)

 Twice a day

129 (57.6)

46 (35.7)

8 (6.2)

56 (43.4)

11 (8.5)

8 (6.2)

 > 2 times a day

32 (14.3)

10 (31.3)

0

16 (50.0)

5 (15.6)

1 (3.1)

Toothpaste type (n = 211)

 Non-fluoride

12 (5.7)

4 (33.3)

0

5 (41.7)

1 (8.3)

2 (16.7)

 Fluoride

199 (94.3)

72 (36.2)

10 (5.0)

88 (44.2)

20 (10.1)

9 (4.5)

Toothpaste size (n = 220)

 Pea-sized

107 (48.6)

44 (41.1)

9 (8.4)

41 (38.3)

10 (9.4)

3 (2.8)

 > Pea-sized

113 (51.4)

36 (31.8)

3 (2.7)

54 (47.8)

13 (11.5)

7 (6.2)

Fluoride supplement (n = 221)

 No

160 (72.4)

56 (35.0)

9 (5.6)

74 (46.2)

14 (8.8)

7 (4.4)

 Yes

61 (27.6)

25 (41.0)

3 (4.9)

21 (34.4)

7 (11.5)

5 (8.2)

Time-averaged fluoride concentration (ppm)**

 Mean ± SD

2.4 ± 2.1

2.0 ± 1.6

1.7 ± 0.6

2.8 ± 2.2

2.8 ± 2.3

4.1 ± 3.5

 Median (IQR)

1.9 (0.9)

1.6 (1.1)

1.7 (0.6)

2.0 (1.4)

2.1 (1.4)

2.0 (7.1)

 Minimum

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.4

1.1

1.2

 Maximum

9.4

9.4

3.0

9.4

9.4

9.4

 < 0.7

30 (10.4)

22 (73.3)

1 (3.4)

7 (23.3)

0

0

 0.7–1.49

61 (21.1)

33 (54.1)

5 (8.2)

14 (23.0)

6 (9.8)

3 (4.9)

 ≥ 1.5

198 (68.5)

63 (31.8)

8 (4.1)

96 (48.4)

21 (10.6)

10 (5.1)