Table 1 Comparison of biological and psychological factors among participants without or with temporomandibular disorders (TMD)
Characteristic | Participants without TMD (n = 515) | Participants with TMD (n = 239) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Biological factor | |||
Age | 18 (18, 19) | 19 (18, 19) | 0.172 |
Female | 281 (54.6) | 119 (49.8) | 0.222 |
Sleep bruxism | 56 (10.9) | 56 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
Awake bruxism | 16 (3.1) | 18 (7.5) | 0.006 |
Empty chewing | 39 (7.6) | 50 (20.9) | < 0.001 |
Unilateral chewing | 172 (33.4) | 135 (56.5) | < 0.001 |
Chewing gum | 135 (26.2) | 81 (33.9) | 0.030 |
Static occlusion | |||
Angle’s malocclusion | 185 (35.9) | 92 (38.4) | 0.464 |
Anterior teeth overbite | 213 (41.3) | 139 (58.1) | < 0.001 |
Anterior teeth overjet | 163 (31.7) | 102 (42.7) | 0.003 |
Posterior teeth crossbite | 10 (1.9) | 2 (0.8) | 0.357 |
Posterior scissor bite | 18 (3.5) | 14 (5.9) | 0.173 |
Psychological factor | |||
Depression | |||
 Prevalence | 232 (45.0) | 167 (69.9) | < 0.001 |
 Average score | 4 (3, 7) | 7 (4,9) | < 0.001 |
Anxiety | |||
 Prevalence | 163 (31.7) | 166 (69.5) | < 0.001 |
 Average score | 3 (1, 5) | 6 (4, 7) | < 0.001 |
Sleep disturbance | |||
 Prevalence | 159 (30.9) | 123 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
 Average score | 5 (3, 6) | 6 (4,7) | < 0.001 |