Table 1 Items measured to assess craniomaxillofacial morphology

SNA

The angle formed by lines between the sella, nasion, and subspinale points, which represents the sagittal position of the maxilla

SNB

The angle formed by lines between the sella, nasion, and supramental points, which represents the sagittal position of the mandible

ANB

The angle formed by lines between the subspinale, nasion, and supramental points, which represents the sagittal position of the maxilla and mandible

S–N

The distance between the sella and nasion points, which indicates the length of the anterior basis cranii

S-Ba

The distance between the sella and basion points, which indicates the length of posterior basis cranii

ZyR-ZyL

The distance between the bilateral zygomatic arch which indicates the width of the hard tissue surface

N-Me

The distance between the nasion and menton points, which indicates the overall height of the hard tissue

ANS-Me

The distance between the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the menton point, which indicates the height of the lower hard tissue

ANS-Me/N-Me

The ratio of the ANS-Me to the N-Me

PNS-ANS

The distance between the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the posterior nasal spine (PNS)

J-J

The distance between the bilateral jugal points (the most concave point between the maxillary tubercle and the zygomatic process), which indicates the width of the maxilla

GoR-GoL

The distance between the bilateral gonion points, which indicates the width of the mandible

Co-Go

The distance between the condylion and gonion points, which indicates the length of the ramus of the mandible

Go-Me

The distance between the gonion and menton points, which indicates the length of the mandible

Co-Go-Me

The angle formed by lines between the condylion, gonion, and menton points, which indicates the angle of the mandible

MP-FH

The angle between the plane of mandible inclination (MP) and the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane, which indicates the angle of the mandible

U1-SN

The angle between the long axis of the upper incisor (U1) and the sella-nasion (SN) plane of the maxillary central incisor, which indicates the inclination of the maxillary central incisor

L1-MP

The angle between the long axis (L1) of the mandible central incisor and its plane of inclination (MP)

U1-L1

The angle of upper incisor to lower incisor

MBBW (maxillary buccal basal bone width)

The horizontal distance between the most concave points of the buccal basal bone, near the root tip, on the coronal plane

MFMW (maxillary first molar width)

The horizontal distance between the central fossa of the first molar on both sides of the maxilla, which indicates the width of the posterior arch

H-CVP

The distance between the topmost point of the hyoid body (H) and a line placed tangent to the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae

H-MP

The distance between the uppermost point of the hyoid body and the MP

H-FH

The distance between the topmost point of the hyoid body and the Frankfort plane

PNS-CVP

The distance between the posterior nasal spine (PNS) and a line placed tangent to the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae

Me-CVP

The distance between the menton and a line placed tangent to the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae