Socioeconomic inequalities in the utilization of dental services among adults in Saudi Arabia

BMC Oral Health

Table 3 Final logistic regression analysis for visiting the dentist in the past year

	Adjusted OR [95% CI]	p value
Predisposing factors
Age
18–24 years	1.00 (ref)	–
25–34 years	1.07 [0.77, 1.49]	0.67
35–44 years	1.31 [0.92, 1.86]	0.14
45–54 years	0.95 [0.65, 1.41]	0.81
55–64 years	1.07 [0.61, 1.88]	0.80
65 + years	0.69 [0.36, 1.33]	0.27
Nationality
Saudi	1.00 (ref)	–
Non-Saudi	1.06 [0.70, 1.60]	0.79
Employment status
Not employed	1.00 (ref)	–
Employed	0.82 [0.67, 1.00]	0.05
Enabling factors
Household income
Low income	1.00 (ref)	–
Lower-middle income	1.10 [0.84, 1.46]	0.48
Upper-middle income	1.11 [0.80, 1.55]	0.53
High income	1.43 [1.01, 2.02]	0.04
Household Wealth index^†
Lowest quintile	1.00 (ref)	–
Second quintile	1.51 [1.16, 1.97]	0.00
Middle quintile	1.57 [1.14, 2.16]	0.01
Fourth quintile	1.34 [0.96, 1.87]	0.09
Highest quintile	1.36 [0.94, 1.96]	0.10
Eligibility for free governmental health care
No	1.00 (ref)	–
Yes	2.02 [1.25, 3.27]	0.00
Health insurance coverage
No	1.00 (ref)	–
Yes	1.24 [0.94, 1.64]	0.12
Need factors
Perceived need for dental treatment
No	1.00 (ref)	–
Yes	52.45 [41.26, 66.69]	0.00

OR, odds ratio, CI, confidence intervals
^†Composite measure calculated using data about ownership of consumer material such television and cars, household characteristics such as building material, source of drinking water, toilet facilities and other characteristics relevant to wealth status

ISSN: 1472-6831