Table 1 The demographic characteristics of the subjects according to masticatory difficulty

Male

 Age† (years) (Mean ± SE)

5531

3062 (55.7%)

63.0 ± 0.2

2469 (44.3%)

64.4 ± 0.2

 < 0.001**

 BMI† (kg/m²) (Mean ± SE)

5502

3048 (56.4%)

23.9 ± 0.7

2454 (43.6%)

23.3 ± 0.7

 < 0.001**

 Household income

5320

 < 0.001**

  < 25%

744

24.7 (22.8–26.6)

855

35.3 (32.8–37.9)

 25–49%

773

26.5 (24.6–28.5)

621

27.0 (24.8–29.3)

 50–74%

651

21.9 (20.2–23.7)

474

19.6 (17.7–21.6)

  ≥ 75%

778

26.9 (24.8–29.2)

424

18.1 (16.2–20.2)

Education

5656

 < 0.001**

 ≤ primary school

914

31.0 (28.8–33.3)

1041

42.9 (40.3–45.5)

 Middle school

586

19.6 (17.9–21.4)

500

20.4 (18.6–22.3)

 High school

838

28.6 (26.6–30.7)

557

24.2 (22.1–26.3)

 ≥ College or higher

929

20.8 (18.8–23.1)

291

12.6 (10.8–14.5)

Metabolic syndrome

2549

0.265

 Yes

270

18.0 (15.7–20.4)

196

16.1 (13.8–18.7)

 No

1162

82.0 (79.6–84.3)

921

83.9 (81.3–86.2)

Smoking status

5368

 < 0.001**

Never of former

63

2.0 (1.5–2.7)

177

7.5 (6.3–8.9)

 ≤ 5 packs

2353

78.6 (76.7–80.3)

2215

92.4 (91.0–93.5)

  ≥ 5 packs

554

19.1 (17.4–20.9)

3

0.1 (0–0.4)

 Alcohol consumption

5366

0.183

 None or light

256

9.1 (8.0–10.4)

177

7.5 (6.3–8.9)

 Moderate or heavy

2718

90.7 (89.4–91.9)

2215

92.4 (91.0–93.5)

High intensity physical activity

5471

0.131

 Yes

522

18.7 (16.9–20.5)

378

16.6 (14.7–18.7)

 No

2510

81.3 (79.5–83.1)

2061

83.4 (81.3–85.9)

Moderate intensity physical activity

5471

0.802

 Yes

392

12.4 (10.9–14.1)

307

12.1 (10.7–13.8)

 No

2641

87.6 (85.9–89.1)

2131

87.9 (86.2–89.3)

Female

 Age† (years) (Mean ± SE)

7436

4051 (54.4%)

62.5 ± 0.2

3385 (45.6%)

66.1 ± 0.2

 < 0.001**

 BMI† (kg/m²) (Mean ± SE)

7405

4037 (54.4%)

24.2 ± 0.6

3368 (45.6%)

24.2 ± 0.1

0.556

Household income

7084

 < 0.001**

  < 25%

1193

29.9 (27.9–32.0)

1457

45.7 (43.2–48.3)

25–49%

988

25.5 (23.7–27.3)

816

24.8 (22.9–26.8)

50–74%

798

20.3 (18.7–21.9)

526

16.5 (14.8–18.3)

  ≥ 75%

899

24.4 (22.2–26.7)

407

13.0 (11.4–14.8)

Education

7143

 < 0.001**

  ≤ primary school

2236

56.8 (54.4–59.3)

2463

76.4 (74.2–78.5)

 Middle school

629

16.2 (14.8–17.7)

379

11.9 (10.5–13.5)

 High school

772

20.1 (18.4–21.9)

322

9.4 (8.1–10.9)

  ≥ College or higher

264

6.9 (5.6–8.5)

78

2.2 (1.7–3.0)

Menopause

5337

 < 0.001**

 Yes

1090

41.4 (39.1–43.8)

661

30.2 (27.8–32.7)

 No

1712

58.6 (56.2–60.9)

1874

69.8 (67.3–72.2)

Metabolic syndrome

3365

0.029*

 Yes

319

15.9 (14.0–18.1)

289

19.6 (17.1–22.3)

 No

1549

84.1 (81.9–86.0)

1208

80.4 (77.7–82.9)

Smoking status

7150

 < 0.001**

 Never of former

3625

92.6 (91.3–93.5)

2900

88.8 (87.0–91.1)

  ≤ 5 packs

29

0.8 (0.4–1.0)

35

1.3 (0.7–1.8)

  ≥ 5 packs

243

6.6 (54.4–7.6)

318

9.9 (8.5–11.3)

Alcohol consumption

7157

 < 0.001**

 None or light

1295

33.1 (31.3–35.0)

1243

39.6 (37.2–42.0)

 Moderate or heavy

2609

66.6 (64.7–68.5)

2010

60.0 (57.6–62.4)

High intensity physical activity

0.486

 Yes

7347

446

11.6 (10.4–13.0)

378

11.0 (9.7–12.5)

 No

3556

88.4 (87.0–89.6)

2967

89.0 (87.5–90.3)

Moderate intensity physical activity

0.853

 Yes

7347

503

12.4 (11.2–13.8)

479

12.6 (11.2–14.1)

 No

3500

87.6 (86.2–88.8)

2865

87.4 (85.9–88.8)