Table 1 Definitions of 3D skeletal and temporomandibular landmarks used in the study
Landmark | Abb | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Skeletal landmarks | ||
Nasion | N | The most superior and anterior point of the frontonasal suture |
Sella | S | The center of the hypophyseal fossa in the middle cranial fossa (Sella turcica) |
Basion | Ba | The posterior tip of the skull base, sagittally the most inferior posterior-point of the foramen magnum |
Incisive Foramen | IF | The center of incisive foramen centered mediolateral, exists posterior to the central incisors at maxillary mid-palatine |
Orbital | Or | The lowest point on the inferior border of the orbit |
Porion | Po | The most outer and superior bony point of the external auditory meatus |
Gonion | Go | The point of bisecting angle connecting the ramus line and body of mandible line |
Menton | Me | The most inferior midpoint of the chin on the mandibular symphysis outline |
Subspinale | A | The deepest anterior point in the concavity of the premaxilla |
Supramental | B | The deepest anterior point in the concavity of the anterior mandible |
Pogonion | Pog | The most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis |
Temporomandibular landmarks | ||
Mandibular fossa “Soft tissue point” | MFS | The highest and middlemost point of the soft tissue mandibular fossa |
Mandibular fossa “Bony point” | MF | The highest and middlemost point of the bony mandibular fossa |
Medial joint space “Tubercle point” | MJSf | The most lateral point of the mandibular fossa medial wall |
Superior condylar point | SCP | The most top point of the condylar head |
Medial condylar point | MCP | The medial most point of the condylar head |
Lateral condylar point | LCP | The lateral most point of the condylar head |
Condylar width “Anterior point” | CWa | Axially, the most prominent point anteriorly of the condylar head at the region with the greatest width |
Condylar width “Posterior point” | CWp | Axially, the most prominent point posteriorly of the condylar head at the region with the greatest width |
Anterior condylar point | ACP | The sagittal most prominent point anteriorly of the condylar head |
Posterior condylar point | PCP | The sagittal most prominent point posteriorly of the condylar head |
Articular tubercle | AT | The most prominent inferior point of the anterior tubercle |
Inferior meatus | IM | The lateral and most inferior point of the external auditory-meatus |
Anterior fossa point | AF | The inferior and most anterior point in the inner anterior wall of the glenoid fossa |
Posterior fossa point | PF | The inferior and most posterior point in the inner posterior wall of the glenoid fossa, which is parallel to the IM point |
Anterior joint space “Mandibular fossa point” | AJSf | The most prominently posterior point of the inner anterior wall of the glenoid fossa nearly at the nearest distance to anterior joint space condylar point |
Anterior joint space “Condylar point” | AJSc | The most prominent condyle head’s anterior point nearly at the nearest distance to anterior joint space fossa point |
Posterior joint space “Mandibular fossa point” | PJSf | The most prominently anterior point of the inner posterior wall of the glenoid fossa nearly at the nearest distance to posterior joint space condylar point |
Posterior joint space “Condylar point” | PJSc | The most prominent condyle head’s posterior point nearly at the nearest distance to posterior joint space fossa point |