Table 1 List of facial landmarks (cephalometric points) used in the analyses and its definiton
Sign | Name | Definition |
|---|---|---|
tr | Trichion | Midpoint between scalp and forehead |
g | Glabella | The most anterior midpoint of the forehead |
n | Soft tissue nasion | The most posterior midpoint on the soft-tissue contour of the base of the nasal root at the level of the frontonasal suture |
enL, enR | Endocanthion, left and right | Soft-tissue point located at the inner commissure of each eye fissure |
exL, exN | Exocanthion, left and right | Soft-tissue point located at the outer commissure of each eye fissure |
soL, soR | Supraorbitale, left and right | The most anterior point above the orbita (midpoint between endo- and exo-canthion) |
ioL, ioR | Infraorbitale, left and right | Prominent rim under the inferior eyelid (midpoint between endo- and exo-canthion) |
zyL, zyR | Zygoma, left and right | Point above lateral part of corpus ossis zygomatici before it straightens in the AP direction backwards |
zypL, zypR | Zygoma prominenc, left and right | Intersection of vertical line through exL/R and transverse line through zyL/R |
prn | Pronasale | The most anterior midpoint of nasal tip |
alL, alR | Ala nasi, left and right | The most lateral point on each alar contour |
acL, acR | Alare curvature, left and right | Point at the facial insertion of each alar base |
cm | Columella | Midpoint of the columella crest at the level of the nostril top points |
sn | Subnasale | Contact of philtrum and columella |
a | Subspinale | The most posterior midpoint of the philtrum |
lsL, lsR | Labiale superior, left and right | Midpoint of the vermilion line of the upper lip |
St | Stomion | Midpoint of the horizontal labial fissure |
liL, liR | Labiale inferior, left and right | Midpoint of the vermilion line of the lower lip |
cphL, cphR | Crista philtri, left and right | Point at each crossing of the philtrum and cupids bow |
chL, chR | Cheilion, left and right | Point at each labial commissure |
b | Sublabiale | The most posterior midpoint on the labiomental soft-tissue contour that defines the border between the lower lip and the chin |
pg | Pogonion | The most anterior midpoint of the chin |
gn | Gnathion | The midpoint between pogonion and menton |
me | Menton | The most inferior midpoint of the chin |
mesL, mesR | Menton side, left and right | The point where the vertical point through chL/R reaches the lowest point of the chin |
goL, goR | Gonion, left and right | Ramus ascendens and corpus mandible tangents intersection |