Efficiency of biofilm removal by combination of water jet and cold plasma: an in-vitro study

BMC Oral Health

Table 2 Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) for counts of crossing points at which shown osteoblastic cells, microbes, cell residues, blank disc surface, and undefinable deposits on specimen surface were shown on images of scanning electron micrographs stratified by the treatment groups (n = 9 for each test group)

Treatment	Cells	Microbes	Cell residues	Disc surface	Deposits
PC	78.5 ± 31.4^b,e,f	0.0 ± 0.1^b,d,e,f	0.8 ± 1.8^b,c,d,f	20.7 ± 30.1^d,f	0.0 ± 0.2
NC	0 ± 0^a,c,d,e,f	53.7 ± 31.5^a,c,d,e,f	26.2 ± 26.2^a,c,d,e,f	12.6 ± 18.9^d,e,f	7.5 ± 22.1^f
WJ	11.4 ± 29.4^a,b,c,d	27.7 ± 33.8^a,b,c,f,d	5.2 ± 8.9^a,b,c,f,d	55.6 ± 39.7^a,b,c,f,d	0.1 ± 0.7
WJ + CAP	82.0 ± 31.0^b,e,f	0.0 ± 0.1^b,d,e,f	0.3 ± 0.9^a,b,e,f	17.6 ± 30.2^d,f	0.2 ± 1.3
CC	10.0 ± 26.9^a,b,c,d	12.2 ± 27.1^a,b,c,d,e	2.1 ± 4.1^a,b,c,d,e	75.7 ± 34.5^a,b,c,d,e	0 ± 0^b
CC + CAP	71.9 ± 37.5^b,e,f	0.6 ± 2.8^a,b,c,e,f	0.4 ± 1.0^b,e,f	27.1 ± 36.0^b,e,f	0 ± 0

PC positive control, NC negative control, WJ water stream, WJ + CAP water stream and cold atmospheric plasma, CC curette + cotton swab, CC curette + cotton swab and cold atmospheric plasma. Comparisons were made using Mann–Whitney U tests. Benjamini–Hochberg corrected p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant
^aStatistically significant difference compared to the positive control; ^bStatistically significant difference compared to the negative control; ^cStatistically significant difference to the WJ + P; ^dStatistically significant difference compared to the CC + P; ^eStatistically significant difference compared to the WJ; ^fStatistically significant difference compared to the CC

ISSN: 1472-6831