Table 2 Description of reviewed studies
Studies | Design and assessment tool | Children involved | Comparative groups | Dental procedures received |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lefer et al. 2019 [27] | Interrupted time-series study Cooperation of children in dental assessment | 52 ASD children and adolescents: 3–19 years old 7 females, 45 males | No control group | Clinical oral assessment |
Zink et al. 2018 [19] | Randomised clinical trial Number of dental appointments needed to perform the procedure | 40 children with ASD: 9–15 years old 2 females, and 38 males | Two groups: Application group: (2 females, 18 males) PECS: (20 males) | Dental prophylaxis using low-speed handpiece Topical fluoride application |
Hidayatullah et al. 2018 [28] | Interrupted time-series study Customised engagement checklist on 10 stages of the procedure | 13 children with ASD: 5–18 years old 2 females, 11 males | One ASD group | Dental examination |
Nilchian et al. 2017 [20] | Randomised clinical trial Cooperation of children in clinical examinations | 40 children with ASD: 6–12 years old 3 females, 37 males | 20 children in each group | Fluoride therapy |
Tounsi et al. 2017 [31] | Retrospective cohort study The success of dental examination | 168 children with ASD: 4–18 years old 28 females, 140 males | No control group | Dental examination only |
Murshid et al. 2017 [33] | Cross-sectional non-randomised controlled trial study Parents’ evaluation and procedures performed | 40 children with ASD: 5–9 years old 10 females, 30 males | No control group | Oral examinations Prophylaxis, and topical fluoride applications |
Nelson et al. 2017 [30] | Retrospective cohort study Successful dental examination | 168 children with ASD: 4–18 years old 29 females, 139 males | No control group | Dental examination |
AlHumaid et al. 2016 [32] | Retrospective cohort study Frankl behaviour rating scale and dental procedures completed | 44 children with ASD: 5–18 years old 14 females, 30 males | 22 in each group | 70% received dental treatment: Cleanings (50%) Restorative treatment (18%) Extractions (2%) |
Marion et al. 2016 [21] | Randomised controlled trial study Caregivers’ preference via questionnaire | 40 children with ASD and their caregivers: 18 years old 6 females, 34 males | No control group | No treatment given |
Mah & Tsang 2016 [22] | Randomised control trial Cooperation of children in dental assessment | 14 children with ASD: 3–8 years old 14 males | Two ASD group Tell-show-do with visual pedagogy = 7 Tell-show-do only, N = 7 | Dental examination |
Cagetti et al. 2015 [29] | Interrupted time-series study Acceptance rate of the treatment | 83 children with ASD: 6–12 years old 18 females, 65 males | Three groups undergoing same intervention: 6–7 years 8–9 years 10–12 years | Children underwent four stages: An oral examination (stage 1) A professional oral hygiene session (stage 2) Sealants (stage 3) If necessary, a restorative treatment (stage 4) |
Cermak et al. 2015 [23] | Crossover randomised trial Physiological stress and anxiety, measured by electrodermal activity (EDA) | 44 children: 6–12 years old 16 females, 28 males | 22 ASD children 22 non-ASD children | Oral examination Prophylaxis (dental cleanings) Fluoride application |
Isong et al. 2014 [24] | Randomised controlled trial study Venham Anxiety and Behaviour Scales | 80 children with ASD: 7–17 years old 15 females, 65 males | Each group had 20 children Four groups: Group A: Usual care Group B: A DVD video of a typically developed child having a dental appointment was used for video peer modelling Group C: Sunglass-style video eyewear was used to view a favourite movie during a dentist visit Group D: Video of peer modelling plus video goggles | Extra-oral and intra-oral examinations with radiographs Scaling (if needed) Prophylaxis Application of fluoride varnish |
Orellana et al. 2014 [25] | Non-randomised control trial Cooperation of children in dental assessment | 72 persons with ASD: 4–41 years old 24 females, 38 males | 38 children and 34 adults | Clinical oral assessment |
Lowe & Lindemann 1985 [26] | Randomised controlled trial study Successful oral examination | 40 children: Mean age 12.5Â years old 12 females, 28 males | 20 ASD children 20 non-ASD children | Extra-oral and intra-oral examination with radiographs |