Social class [8, 21,22,23,24] | Frequency of sugar intake per day [7, 25,26,27] | Lack of OH instructions [26] | Sweetened infant beverages [25, 26, 28] | Level of plaque present [7, 29] | Distance to nearest oral health facility [25, 28] |
Parents education [21, 22, 25, 28, 30] | Maternal sugar intake frequency [26] | Higher plaque levels [7, 29] | Mode of feeding breast/bottle [25, 26, 28, 31, 32] | Lactobacillus presence [6, 29] | Knowledge of the presence of primary teeth important [30, 32] |
SES of parents [21, 23, 25, 26, 33] | Calorie intake [19] | Sources of OHI [26] | Put child to sleep with a bottle [30, 34] | Streptococcus mutans presence [6, 27, 29, 35] | Plain water after brushing teeth [30, 32] |
Single mothers [24, 30, 34] | Carbohydrate intake [19] | Brushing frequency [25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36] | Knowledge that frequent and prolonged bottle-feeding can cause dental caries [30] | Salivary flow rate [29] | Parents examine child’s teeth daily [24, 30] |
Occupation of caregivers [21, 24, 25, 30, 34] | Fibre intake [19] | Delayed brushing [24, 26] | Length of EBF [37] | Salivary buffering capacity [29] | Parents’ knowledge of sugar in medication [24, 34] |
Rural [7, 23, 25, 27,28,29, 37,38,39] | Knowledge caries potential sugar [24, 30] | Brushing prevalence [24, 25] | Contents of bottle [24, 34] | Veilonella/Actinomyces /Lactobacillus presence [6] | Fluoride supplementation [34] |
| Â | Total sucrose intake [7, 37,38,39,40] | Knowledge of oral health [24, 26, 30] | Mechanism of bottle/breastfeeding [25, 26, 28, 31, 32] | Â | Reason for dental visit [24, 30, 34] |
|  | Added sugar [19, 24] | Parental brushing of child’s teeth [25, 28, 30, 32] | Knowledge of sugars in medication [24, 28] |  | Prenatal supplementation [34] |
| Â | Age at the introduction to SSB and sugar-sweetened food [26] | Use toothpaste when brushing [24, 30, 34] | Contents of bottle [24, 28] | Â | Maternal prenatal medical history [34] |
| Â | Reasons for giving sugar [26] | Use of toothbrush or cloth [32] | Â | Â | Perinatal complications [34] |
| Â | Mode of sugar intake [26, 37] | Children cleaned teeth by themselves [30, 32, 34] | Â | Â | Fluoride levels [23, 27, 41] |
| Â | Wasting and stunting [42] | Knowledge of when to start brushing teeth [24, 30] | Â | Â | Age [7, 17, 21, 22, 25, 30,31,32, 38] |
| Â | Micronutrient intake [18, 20, 28] | Parents knowledge of the importance of primary teeth [24, 26, 30] | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Macronutrient intake [18, 20, 28] | Knowledge of dental plaque [24, 26, 30] | Â | Â | Â |
