Table 2 Statistical results of scales

(a) Comparison between two groups in different periods

Oral health behavior

T0

76.79 ± 44.02

64.20 ± 33.48

− 1.07

0.2918

T1

126.60 ± 41.45

122.40 ± 38.53

− 0.35

0.7306

T2

125.40 ± 50.69

121.30 ± 39.69

− 0.3

0.7671

Intention

T0

17.23 ± 2.31

16.36 ± 3.55

− 0.96

0.3454

T1

17.23 ± 2.84

17.36 ± 3.08

0.15

0.8795

T2

18.09 ± 1.69

17.91 ± 2.29

− 0.3

0.7657

Self-efficacy

T0

82.32 ± 10.13

79.19 ± 13.44

− 0.87

0.3875

T1

84.23 ± 11.11

83.45 ± 11.66

− 0.23

0.823

T2

86.36 ± 9.41

85.68 ± 9.17

− 0.24

0.8089

Action planning

T0

17.05 ± 4.71

18.00 ± 4.57

0.68

0.4985

T1

19.27 ± 4.18

19.91 ± 3.83

0.53

0.6011

T2

19.19 ± 4.41

20.86 ± 3.48

1.4

0.1684

Coping planning

T0

16.36 ± 5.13

16.77 ± 5.15

0.26

0.7932

T1

18.32 ± 4.66

18.05 ± 4.72

− 0.19

0.848

T2

18.00 ± 4.46

18.36 ± 4.49

0.27

0.7889

Outcome expectancies

T0

26.68 ± 3.18

26.95 ± 3.11

0.29

0.7751

T1

28.45 ± 2.61

28.23 ± 2.67

− 0.29

0.7769

T2

28.59 ± 2.68

29.09 ± 2.02

0.7

0.4894

Risk perception

T0

38.68 ± 5.39

37.27 ± 6.72

− 0.77

0.4478

T1

37.77 ± 4.74

37.64 ± 6.42

− 0.08

0.9365

T2

37.00 ± 5.47

39.55 ± 7.55

1.28

0.2078

Social influences

T0

30.00 ± 2.91

30.13 ± 4.69

0.12

0.9084

T1

31.18 ± 3.17

31.05 ± 4.28

− 0.12

0.9051

T2

31.95 ± 2.97

31.45 ± 3.83

− 0.48

0.6308

Action control

T0

24.36 ± 4.54

24.82 ± 4.20

0.34

0.7322

T1

27.36 ± 2.95

26.95 ± 3.06

− 0.45

0.6543

T2

27.41 ± 2.99

27.50 ± 3.16

0.1

0.9223

(b) Comparison with different periods in each group

Oral health behavior

T0–T1

− 3.86

0.0004**

− 5.35

 < .0001**

T0–T2

− 3.39

0.0015**

− 5.16

 < .0001**

T1–T2

0.08

0.9328

0.09

0.9266

Intention

T0–T1

0

1

− 1

0.3243

T0–T2

− 1.42

0.1646

− 1.72

0.0936

T1–T2

− 1.22

0.2275

− 0.67

0.5087

Self-efficacy

T0–T1

− 0.6

0.5548

− 1.13

0.2665

T0–T2

− 1.37

0.1774

− 1.87

0.0688

T1–T2

− 0.69

0.4954

− 0.7

0.4852

Action planning

T0–T1

− 1.66

0.1044

− 1.5

0.1407

T0–T2

− 1.55

0.1279

− 2.34

0.0245*

T1–T2

0.07

0.9444

− 0.87

0.3919

Coping planning

T0–T1

− 1.32

0.1934

− 0.85

0.3977

T0–T2

− 1.13

0.2656

− 1.09

0.2813

T1–T2

0.23

0.8183

− 0.23

0.8198

Outcome expectancies

T0–T1

− 2.02

0.4999

− 1.46

0.1529

T0–T2

− 2.15

0.0375*

− 2.7

0.0104*

T1–T2

− 0.17

0.8653

− 1.21

0.2339

Risk perception

T0–T1

0.59

0.5558

− 0.18

0.8553

T0–T2

1.03

0.3103

− 1.05

0.2977

T1–T2

0.5

0.6192

− 0.9

0.3713

Social influences

T0–T1

− 1.29

0.205

− 0.67

0.5058

T0–T2

− 2.21

0.033*

− 1.02

0.3133

T1–T2

− 0.83

0.4088

− 0.33

0.7399

Action control

T0–T1

− 0.26

0.0129*

− 1.93

0.0615

T0–T2

− 2.63

0.0125*

− 2.39

0.0217*

T1–T2

− 0.05

0.9598

− 0.58

0.564