Table 3 Electrolyzed water used against oral fungi

1

Okamura T., et al. 2019 [29]

Nihon University Tokyo, Japan

In vitro

To assess the antimicrobial and noxious effects of acid/alkaline electrolyzed EFWs compared with NaOCl.

C. albicans

Acid/alkaline-EFW. Acid: 30 ppm Chlorine; pH 2.7; ORP > 1100 mV) Alkaline: 0 ppm Chlorine; pH 11.5; ORP ≈ 800 mV

EW were provided by Miura Denshi (Nikaho, Japan)

NaOCl 6%

Mean ± SD CFU/mL and Mean ± SD viable cell number

C. albicans CFU reduced to 66.3% of the control after treatment with acid EW for 30 s. Treatment for longer periods yielded a time-dependent decrease in viability; no colony was present after 20 min.

Acid FW is safe and has a bactericidal effect equivalent to that of NaOCl. Because of its efficient bactericidal, and less noxious, effects on human cells, acid EFW may be a useful irrigant for effective root canal treatment.

2

Song YG., et al. 2019 [59]

Dankook University, Republic of Korea

In vitro

To determine the antifungal effect on the hyphal C. albicans.

C. albicans on resin disk

Electrolyzed water

Natural Denture Plus® (Ebioteco Co., Seoul, Korea)

Polident® and tap water

CFU/mL

The levels of C. albicans biofilm on the surface of the resin disk were significantly reduced with EW (p < 0.05).

The denture cleaning device showed satisfactory results for cleaning denture materials due to its antifungal activity against hyphal C. albicans biofilms on a denture base-resin.

3

Gunaydin M., et al.; 2014 [31]

Ondokuzmayis University, Turkey

In vitro

To investigate the in-vitro activity of superoxidized water at different concentrations against extended group of microorganisms including fungi causing hospital-acquired infections.

Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Trichosporon spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger

Super-oxidized water: pH 6, 80 ppm chlorine at different concentrations

Medilox® (Soosan E & C, Korea) device uses salt, water and electricity and electrolyzes water.

EW at different concentrations and contact times

Absence/presence of yeast and molds

Medilox® was effective against all standard strains and all clinical isolates tested at a dilution of 1/1 and exposure time of 1 minute.

Super-oxidized water is considered as a surface disinfectant to prevent nosocomial fungal infections. Results have proved that super-oxidized water inactivates C. krusei, which is resistant to antifungal drugs, and C. parapsilosis in one minute, and at a ½ dilution.

4

Gomi K., et al. 2010 [34]

Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan

In vitro

To evaluate the disinfection effects of functional water in comparison with commonly used root canal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite solution and hydrogen peroxide solution

C. albicans in the presence of organic substance

Electrolysis water - Alkaline: pH 12.3, Strong acid: pH 2.8; 10 ppm Chlorine, and HypochlorouS: pH 6.0; 50 ppm chlorine

AEW (Aoi Engineering), SAEW (Aoi Engineering), or HAW (Technomak)

Physiologic saline (PS), 3% sodium hypochlorite solution (SHS), 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (HPS)

CFU/mL

SAEW showed microbicidal characteristics, which were stronger than those on C albicans and approximately equivalent to those with HAW in the presence or absence of organic substance.

Functional water like SAEW and HAW have a good microbicidal effect under existing organic substance.

5

Yamada K., et al. 2010 [35]

Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan

In vitro

To investigate the efficacy of super-oxidised water containing a high concentration of O (O-water) in destroying C. albicans

C. albicans JCM 1542

Super-oxidised water - Low: pH 3, medium: pH 2.5 or high concentration: pH 2.2,

O-water was generated in the AOE-750 (Oxy Japan Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Distilled water, hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.5, 3.5 mM)

CFU/mL

O-water showed no significant fungicidal effect on C. albicans.

O-water showed no significant fungicidal effect on C. albicans.

6

Ileri C., et al. 2006 [translated from Turkish] [36]

High Technology Institute, Gebze, Turkey

In vitro

To investigate the effects of EAAS on standard strains of pathogenic microorganisms at different time periods and at different concentrations

C. albicans ATCC 10231

Electro-activated acidic water at different concentrations 100, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1%

EAAS was produced by direct current passed through water by using a power source. The water entering the anode and cathode area was taken from the device after being activation. Sodium chloride (NaCl, 10 g/L) was added and tap water mixture, to 2 A electric current for 15 minutes.

Sterile deionized water

Log CFU/mL

It was determined that an average population of 4.56 log CFU/mL survived for C. albicans at 1% dilution after 60 s.

EAAS can be used in surface disinfection even at low (at least 2%) dilutions.

7

Landa-Solis C., et al. 2005 [47]

Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico, DF, Mexico

In vitro

To evaluate the disinfectant activity of Microcyn against various microbes

C. albicans

Super-oxidized water (SOW): pH 6.2–7.8, 51–88 ppm Chlorine

Microcyn (SOW) is made by purified water which passes through anode and cathode chambers that are separated from a middle salt (NaCl) chamber by ionic membranes in a REDOX equipment (Oculus Innovative Sciences, CA, USA).

Sterile, deionized water

The surviving population of each pathogen at each sampling time was determined on TSA.

Fungicidal activity: 99.9% reduction after 30s exposure time.

Results indicate that Microcyn is an active fungicidal SOW.

8

Pyo K.R., et al. 2015 [60]

Dankook University, Republic of Korea

In vitro

To investigate the antifungal activity of hydrogen enriched-electrolyzed water

C. albicans biofilm, yeast or blastoconidia

Different electrolyzed waters using using copper, silver and palladium as electrode (EWP)

Tap water was subjected to electrolysis for 5 min with 24 V of DC 350 mA using copper, silver or palladium electrode (cylinder of 2 mm × 10 cm) in undivided chamber.

Tap water, listerine

CFU/well

In comparison with tap water, electrolyzed water showed sigficantly superior antifungal activity for C. albicans. The electrolyzed water and listerine exhibited fungicidal effect on C. albicans from 2 minutes and 4 minutes, respectively.

EWP has antifungal activity against candidal biofilm. Therefore, the EWP may be possible to use a gargle solution and a soaking solution for prevention of oral candidiasis and denture-related stomatitis

9

Gupta M., et al. 2017 [52]

Department of Microbiology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, U.P., India

In vitro

To observe the effect of SOW in different dilutions against several pathogenic fungi

Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Aspergillussp. Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp., and Bipolaris sp.

Superoxidised water (SOW), pH 5.0–6.5, ORP > 950 mv

SOW (Sterisol) generated by Steri-Gen® disinfectant generating system. Prepared by passing the normal saline over titanium coated electrode at 9 amp.

5 and 10 times dilutions of SOW

Growth inhibition

Undiluted SOW and 5 y10 times solution of SOW inhibited the growth of Candida spp. Filamentous fungi was inhibited only with undiluted SOW.

Undiluted SOW prevents the occurrence of nosocomial infections specially caused of filamentous fungi.