Table 4 Electrolyzed water used against viruses

1

Morita C., et al. 2000 [61]

Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, Japan

In vitro

To evaluate the effect of electrolyzed strong acid water with low concentration of sodium chloride on the antigenicity of the HBV surface antigen and the infectivity of HIV in vitro.

Human hepatitis B Virus surface antigen (HBsAg) purified from human plasma. HIV-1 recombinant reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 rRT).

Electrolyzed strong acid water (ESW): 1053 mV, pH 2.34, 4.20 ppm chlorine. Alkaline water: − 680 mV, pH 11.45, 0 ppm chlorine

Electrolyzed strong acid water containing sodium chloride at low concentrations was prepared in an electrolyzing apparatus (CLEANTOP WM-1, Kaigen Co. Ltd. Osaka, Japan). Ten liters of 0.05% NaCl in tap water were electrolyzed for 45 min at room temperature using a 3 A current.

HBsAg solution mixed with 300 ml of BSA solution, unelectrolyzed 0.05% NaCl solution.

Residual TCID₅₀/50 μl^c, RT Activity (OD) and residues HBs antigenicity (%).

The electrolyzed solution abolished completely HIV-1 infectivity within 20 min, in a dilution-dependent manner. When the virus particles were treated with the electrolyzed solution, RT activity was reduced in a time-dependent manner and the enzyme was completely inactivated within 5 min. The disinfection solution reduced the antigenicity of the HBsAg to below detectable levels within 2 min, in a concentration-dependent manner.

The electrolyzed solution contained only 4.2 ppm of free chlorine and showed greater efficacy against HBsAg and HIV- 1 than sodium hypochlorite.

2

Landa-Solis C., et al. 2005 [47]

Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretarıía de Salud, Mexico, DF, Mexico

In vitro

To evaluate the disinfectant activity of Microcyn against adenoviruses and HIV-1 in vitro.

Virus films.

Super-oxidized waters (SOWs)

Microcyn (SOW) is made by purified water which passes through anode and cathode chambers that are separated from a middle salt (NaCl) chamber by ionic membranes in a REDOX equipment (Oculus Innovative Sciences, California, USA).

Sterile, deionized water.

Presence or absence of cytopathic effect on SF33 strain of HIV-1 for 5mins(TCID₅₀). Presence or absence of p24 antigen. Log₁₀ surviving Bacillus spores.

Following exposure to Microcyn, HIV-1 infectivity was not demonstrated in the viral suspension at any dilution, demonstrating complete inactivation of the HIV-1. Following exposure to Microcyn, adenovirus infectivity decreased in an inversely proportional manner to the exposure period. Taken together, these results demonstrate that virus exposure to Microcyn for 5 min achieves a log₁₀ reduction factor in the viral load of 3 and that complete inactivation is achieved in 10 min of exposure to Microcyn.

Microcyn is an effective disinfectant for which sporocide activity and appropriate applications are now being validated.

3

Shimizu, Y., & Sugawara, H. 1996 [62]

Tohoku University, School of Dentistry, Japan

In vitro

To evaluate the virucidal effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water in comparison with hypochlorous acid.

HSV-1 (Miyama strain) propagated by CV-1 cells, Polio virus type 1 (Sabin strain) previously propagated with HeLa cells.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water with different Cl concentration (mg/l)

EO water was generated using JAW-035 or ND-002, manufactured by Nippon Intek Co., Ltd., by passing tap water with 0.05% NaCl as an electrolysis promoter through a narrow space between the anode and cathode, which were separated by a diaphragm.

Hypochlorous acid

Minimum concentration of Cl amount (mg/l) per condition, Minimum concentration of Cl amount (mg/l) by treatment of heat for 0, 20, and 40 mins.

A microbicidal effect was exhibited at Cl amounts of 2.74 mg/l (HSV-1) and 10.95 mg/l (polio virus) with EO water.

The results indicate that the virucidal effects of EO water differ from those of hypochlorous acid only because substances contained in EO water, such as Cl⁻, C1O₂, H₂O₂, OH⁺ (hydroxyl radical) etc., seem to synergistically support such activity by balancing in a competitive state in acidic conditions.