Table 2 Patients, teeth, pretreatment signs and symptoms, and treatment information of the included studies

Jadhav et al. (2012)[12]

RCT, parallel

12 M/8 F

Incisors

NR

BC (10)

0

12

NR

Yes or No

Minimal

2.5% NaOCl

TAP

Without adrenaline

(15–28 years)

BC + PRP (10)

0

(MET, CF, MIN,)

Bezgin et al. (2015)[14]

RCT, parallel

10 M/8 F (7–12 years)

Premolars incisors

Caries Trauma

BC (10)

0

18

Physiologic (4)

No (4)

No

2.5% NaOCl Saline 0.12% CHX 5% EDTA

TAP for 3 wk (CF, MET, CR)

Without adrenaline

PRP (10)

0

Sensitive (16)

Yes (16)

Narang et al. (2015)[15]

RCT, parallel

15 patients (< 20 years)

NR

NR

BC (5)

0

18

NR

Yes (15)

Minimal

2.5% NaOCl

TAP for 4 wk

NR

PRP + Collagen (5)

0

PRF (5)

0

Sharma et al

RCT, parallel

16 patients

Incisors

Trauma

BC (4)

0

12

Spontaneous pain (9)

No (3)

Minimal

2.5% NaOCl

TAP for 4 wk

without adrenaline

(2016)[32]

(10–25 years)

PRF (4)

0

Discoloration (7)

Yes (13)

BC + Collagen (4)

0

Sinus (2) Percussion (2)

BC + PLGA (4)

0

Alagl et al. (2017)[16]

RCT, split mouth

9 M/6 F

Premolars

Caries

BC (15)

0

12

Physiologic (4)

No (5)

No

1.5% NaOCl

TAP for 3 wk (MET, CF, MIN,)

NR

(7–12 years)

incisors

Trauma

PRP (15)

0

Sensitive (26)

Yes (25)

2.5% NaOCl

0.12% CHX

Shivashanker et al. (2017)[33]

RCT, parallel

60 patients (6–28 years)

NR

Caries

BC(20)

5

12

NR

NR

Minimal

5.25% NaOCl

TAP for 3 wk (MET 400 mg, CF 200 mg, MIN 100 mg)

NR

Trauma

PRP(20)

1

PRF(20)

0

Lv et al. (2018)[41]

Case–control

5 M/5 F

Premolars

DE

BC (5)

0

12

NR

Yes (10)

No

1% NaOCl

4 wk (ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, cefaclor (1:1:1))

2% lidocaine without

(9–14 years)

Incisors

Trauma

PRF (5)

0

Saline

adrenaline

Mittal et al. (2019)[34]

RCT parallel

NR

Incisors

NR

BC(4)

0

12

NR

NR

Minimal

2.5% NaOCl

4 wk (Double Antibiotic Paste)

NR

BC + PRF (4)

0

Ragab et al. (2019)[35]

RCT, parallel

15 M/7 F

Incisors

Trauma

BC(11)

0

12

abscess

Yes (22)

No

5% NaOCl

3 wk (metronidazole ciprofloxacin 1: 1)

3%

(7–12 years)

BC + PRF (11)

0

fistula discoloration

saline

mepivacaine

Ulusoy et al. (2019)[39]

RCT, parallel

44 M/33 F

Incisors

Trauma

BC (22)

1

Until complete

NR

Yes or No

No

1.25% NaOCl

TAP for 4 wk

2% mepivacaine

(8–11 years)

PRP (22)

4

healing 10–49

2% CHX

PRF (22)

5

17% EDTA

PP(22)

5

ElSheshtawy et al. (2020)[36]

RCT, parallel

15 M/11 F (> 7;12.66 ± 4.77)

Incisors

DE

PRP (14)

1

12

Sensitive (14)

No (13)

Minimal

5.25% NaOCl

TAP until resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection

without vasoconstrictor

Trauma

BC (17)

0

Physiologic(17)

Yes (18)

17% EDTA

Uppala et al. (2020)[38]

RCT, parallel

10 M/14 F

Incisors

NR

PRF(8)

0

12

NR

Yes (24)

Minimal

NR

TAP for 4 wk

NR

(13–24 years)

BC(8)

0

BC + collagen (8)

0

Rizk et al. (2020)[40]

RCT, split mouth

7 M/6 F

Incisors

Caries

PRP (13)

0

12

NR

Yes or No

Minimal

2% NaOCl

TAP for 3wk

NR

(8–14 years)

Trauma

BC + collagen (13)

0

17% EDTA

Ramachandran et al. (2020)[37]

RCT, parallel

27 M/13F

NR

NR

BC + PRP + collagen (20)

16

12

NR

Yes (40)

Removal of necrotic tissue

5.25% NaOCl

TAP for 3 wk

NR

(15–54 years)

BC (20)

1% NaOCl

sterile water

17% EDTA

Meschi et al. (2021)[43]

Cohort study

27 patients

Premolars

DE, DI

BC (18)

4

36

No (5)

No (9)

NR

1.5% NaOCl

Double antibiotic paste (metronid ciprofloxacin)

local anesthesia with adrenaline

(6–25 years)

Incisors

Trauma Caries

BC + L-PRF (11)

2

Yes (24)

Yes (20)

Saline

calcium hydroxide

(Swelling,

17% EDTA

sinus tract,

percussion, pain,

discoloration)

Cheng et al. (2022)[42]

Case–control

34 M/ 28F

Incisors

Trauma

BC (32)

0

Jun-69

Swelling or sinus tract (21)

Yes or No

No or minimal

0.5–1.5% NaOCl saline

TAP or calcium hydroxide for 2 wk

NR

(8.6 ± 1.4 years)

CGF (30)

0

Mobility (31)

17% EDTA