Table 1 Measurements in panoramic radiograph evaluation

The degree of the zygomatic arch downward bend

ZAD

Perpendicular distance from the lowest point of the zygomatic arch inferior border to the Frankfort line (drawn from the porion to the orbitale)

Bicondylar width

BCW

Distance between the most external points on the two condyles

Ramal height

RH

Perpendicular distance from the most superior point of the condyle to the line between two gonions

Mandibular height

MH

Perpendicular distance from the gnathion to the line between the most superior points of the bilateral condyles

Mandibular aspect ratio

MAR

Ratio of mandibular height and bicondylar width

Mandibular body height

MBH

Distance from the infradentale to the gnathion

Coronoid height (perpendicular line 1)

CrH

Perpendicular distance from the coronion to the line between the deepest points of the bilateral sigmoid notches

Condylar height (perpendicular line 2)

CdH

Perpendicular distance from the most superior point of the condyle to the line between the deepest points of the bilateral sigmoid notches

The distance between coronoid process and condyle

DCC

Perpendicular distance between perpendicular line 1 and perpendicular line 2

Bigonial width

BGW

Distance between two gonions

Gonial angle

GA

The intersection of line 3 (the tangent to the inferior border of the mandible) and line 4 (the tangent touching the posterior surface of the condyle and ramus)

Best-fit gonial circle diameter

BGC

The best-fit gonial circle:

Its center located on the Gonial angle bisector

Tangent to line 3 and line 4

Fit along the outline of the mandibular arc angle