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Table 2 Clinical and radiologic periodontal status

From: Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems

Parameter

Group-1

Group-2

Group-3

Group-4

Plaque index

3.1 ± 0.2*

2.5 ± 0.2*

2.3 ± 0.2*

0.3 ± 0.05

Gingival index

0.9 ± 0.04†

1.05 ± 0.03†

3.3 ± 0.05

0.5 ± 0.004

Clinical attachment loss

8.4 ± 0.5 mm*

7.1 ± 0.4 mm*

7.8 ± 0.3 mm*

0.2 ± 0.003

Probing depth

6.5 ± 0.2 mm*

5.7 ± 0.2 mm*

6.1 ± 0.4 mm*

1.2 ± 0.06 mm

Marginal bone loss (mesial)

6.2 ± 0.7 mm*

5.8 ± 0.2 mm*

5.7 ± 0.2 mm*

0.4 ± 0.004 mm

Marginal bone loss (distal)

6.3 ± 0.6 mm*

5.5 ± 0.2 mm*

5.8 ± 0.3 mm*

0.3 ± 0.004 mm

Missing teeth

16.6 ± 2.3 teeth *

10.6 ± 1.2 teeth*

12.2 ± 1.5 teeth*

2.2 ± 0.5 teeth

  1. *Compared with Group-4 (P < 0.001)
  2. †Compared with Group-3 (P < 0.001)
  3. Group-1: Cigarette-smokers; Group-2: ENDS-users; Group-3: Never-smokers with periodontitis; and Group-4: Never-smokers without periodontitis; NA: Not applicable