From: Association between retinol intake and periodontal health in US adults
Characteristics | Retinol intake | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall n = 9081 | Tertile 1 n = 3027 | Tertile 2 n = 3027 | Tertile 3 n = 3027 | ||
Age (year) | 0.0007 | ||||
Mean | 50.78 | 49.96 | 51.10 | 51.16 | |
SD | 13.49 | 12.52 | 13.48 | 14.20 | |
Age group (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
≤ 60 years | 75.84 | 79.94 | 74.37 | 73.87 | |
> 60 years | 24.16 | 20.06 | 25.63 | 26.13 | |
Gender (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Female | 51.72 | 58.52 | 55.22 | 43.23 | |
Male | 48.28 | 41.48 | 44.78 | 56.77 | |
Race (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 68.78 | 59.16 | 67.26 | 77.78 | |
Mexican American | 8.02 | 9.36 | 8.56 | 6.47 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 10.67 | 14.88 | 10.8 | 7.2 | |
Others | 12.53 | 16.61 | 13.39 | 8.54 | |
Education level (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
< High school | 14.17 | 18.55 | 13.9 | 10.93 | |
High school | 20.65 | 21.55 | 21.4 | 19.29 | |
> High school | 65.08 | 59.8 | 64.52 | 69.78 | |
PI (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
≤ 1.3 | 17.8 | 21.29 | 17.91 | 14.93 | |
1.3–3.5 | 31.69 | 34.49 | 30.13 | 30.84 | |
> 3.5 | 44.47 | 38.27 | 45.29 | 48.68 | |
Marital status (%) | 0.0303 | ||||
Married/living as married | 69.55 | 67.66 | 79.6 | 70.14 | |
Never married | 10.39 | 9.98 | 10.4 | 10.7 | |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 20.03 | 22.36 | 18.95 | 19.12 | |
Smoking habit (%) | 0.0011 | ||||
Non smoker | 56.89 | 56.06 | 56.84 | 57.6 | |
Former smoker | 26.36 | 24.66 | 26.83 | 27.29 | |
Current smoker | 16.73 | 19.24 | 16.32 | 15.11 | |
Alcohol consumption (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Mild | 38.1 | 33.85 | 38.58 | 41.05 | |
Moderate | 18.67 | 20.17 | 17.53 | 18.47 | |
Heavy | 14.58 | 16.77 | 14.99 | 12.48 | |
Obesity (%) | 0.4949 | ||||
No | 62.21 | 61.68 | 61.6 | 63.16 | |
Yes | 37.39 | 37.8 | 38.01 | 36.53 | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.3126 | ||||
No | 89.74 | 89.75 | 89.46 | 89.97 | |
Yes | 9.48 | 9.73 | 9.54 | 9.22 | |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 60.05 | 60.18 | 56.69 | 62.9 | |
Yes | 39.95 | 39.82 | 43.31 | 37.1 | |
Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Mean | 2103.14 | 1713.15 | 2022.56 | 2484.32 | |
SD | 787.62 | 640.03 | 652.73 | 829.01 | |
Periodontitis (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Non/mild periodontitis | 62.78 | 59.06 | 63.99 | 64.69 | |
Moderate/severe periodontitis | 37.22 | 40.94 | 36.01 | 35.31 |