Fig. 3

HK2-mediated glycolysis promotes inflammatory responses to P. gingivalis. Human gingival fibroblast cells were pretreated with 2-DG (5 mM) for 2 h, followed by P. gingivalis infection (MOI = 50). a Gene transcription was assessed by qPCR at 4 h. b Cytokine expression in the culture supernatants was measured by ELISA at 24 h. c Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by flow cytometry at 24 h. d The cell proliferation rate was quantified by EdU incorporation at 24 h. The scale bar represents 100µm. β-actin was used as an internal reference. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Dunnett multiple-comparison test, and values are presented as the mean ± SD; *, p < 0.05 and **, p < 0.01, compared with the control group; #, p < 0.05 and ##, p < 0.01, compared with the P. g group