Fig. 5

PDH2/HIF-1α signaling pathway activation promoted HK2-mediated glycolysis and inflammatory responses. a Protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD)2 was assessed by western blotting after P. gingivalis infection (MOI = 10, 50 or 250) for 1 h. Human gingival fibroblasts were treated with HIF-1α inhibitor (10 nM BAY 87–2243) for 2 h before infection with P. gingivalis (MOI = 50). b Protein expression of HIF-1α and PHD2 was assessed by western blotting at 1 h. c Protein expression of HK2 was assessed by western blotting at 24 h. d, e Glucose consumption and HK2 activity were assessed by enzymatic kits at 24 h. f Gene transcription was assessed by qPCR at 4 h. β-actin was used as an internal reference. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Dunnett multiple-comparison test, and values are presented as the mean ± SD; *, p < 0.05 and **, p < 0.01, compared with the control group; #, p < 0.05 and ##, p < 0.01, compared with the P. g group