Fig. 3

Model implantation using dynamic implant surgery. (a) U-tube mounted on maxilla with impression material; (b)The registration process: short drill clicks any 6 small ball pits on the registration device to complete the registration information collection; (c) U-tube registration; (d) Schematic diagram of dynamic navigation system; (e) Implant insertion assisted with dynamic implant surgery; the handpiece and mandibular were tracked with stereo infrared light camera; Precise operation under the control of implantation point, angle and depth