Fig. 1

Schematic diagrams of different finite element models, components in one model and 3 force loading conditions

A. Representative schematic diagrams of different finite element models: NT (natural tooth), GEC (guided endodontic cavity), CEC (contracted endodontic cavity), TREC (truss endodontic cavity), and TEC (traditional endodontic cavity) models

B. Representative schematic diagram with different components in one finite element model

C. Representative schematic diagram of different force load patterns: vertical and lateral static force loads (three contact points, 225 N in total to simulate normal vertical mastication force load) were applied on the occlusal surface (C-1), and vertical static force loads (eight contact points, 600 N in total to simulate the maximum bite force load) were applied on the occlusal surface. (C-2)