Table 2 Surface treatment procedures

Control (Cnt)

Untreated

Plasma (Pls)

Atmospheric cold plasma surface treatment was applied with a plasma pen device (Piezobrush PZ2; Relyon Plasma) with 60 kh frequency and 30 W power output parameters. This procedure was applied at a 10 mm distance perpendicular to polymer specimens for 90 s

Sulfuric acid (Sa)

The surface of the polymer specimens was etched with %98 sulfuric acid solution (%98 H₂SO₄; Brtr Kimya) by dripping a drop of solution using a glass Pasteur Pipette. This procedure was applied to the polymer specimens for 60 s, rinsed for 60 s, and air-dried

Sandblasting (Sb)

The sandblasting procedure was applied with 110 Al₂O₃ particles (Cobra Aluminum; Renfert) at 2.5 bar pressure, 10 mm distance perpendicular to polymer specimens, for 10 s

Tribochemical Silica Coating (Tbc)

The tribochemical silica coating procedure was applied with 110 μm SiO_x-Al₂O₃ particles (Rocatec Plus; 3 M Espe) at 2.5 bar pressure, 10 mm distance perpendicular to polymer specimens for 10 s

Sandblasting + Sulfuric acid (Sb + Sa)

The specimens were abraded as described in Group Sb and subsequently etched with %98 sulfuric acid as described in Group Sa

Tribochemical Silica Coating + Sulfuric acid (Tbc + Sa)

The specimens were tribochemical silica coated as described in Group Tbc and subsequently etched with %98 sulfuric acid as described in Group Sa