Fig. 2

Low-dose arecoline effects on the transcriptome of NFs and CAL27 cells. A Hierarchical clustering analysis of transcriptome-wide gene expression patterns of DEGs in NFs and CAL27 cells under low-dose arecoline treatment. B Volcano plot showing gene expression profiles in DEGs of the low-dose arecoline group compared to the control group in NFs and CAL27 cells. Red and green spots represent upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively, and grey spots represent no different DEGs. C Venn diagram showing the genes expression (left) in NFs and CAL27 cells with or without low-dose arecoline treatment, as well as DEGs of NFs and CAL27 under low-dose arecoline treatment (right). D-E GO enrichment analysis of DEGs in low-dose arecoline-treated NFs and CAL27 cells. GO enrichment of DEGs of NFs and CAL27 cells under low-dose arecoline treatment in biological process (BP), molecular function (MF), and cell composition (CC). The Y-axis represents the different GO categories, and the X-axis represents the number of genes with significance in the GO category. p-value < 0.05 and/or q-value < 0.05 are considered statistically significant. GO, gene ontology; C1E, CAL27 cells with low-dose arecoline treatment; C1C, CAL27 cells without low-dose arecoline treatment; NF1E, NFs with low-dose arecoline treatment; NF1C, NFs without low-dose arecoline treatment