Table 1 Trade name, manufacturer, and composition of the used materials in the present study

Filtek Z250 resin composite (3 M ESPS, St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

Silane Treated Ceramic, Bisphenol A Polyethylene Glycol Diether Dimethacrylate, Aluminum Oxide, Diurethane Dimethacrylate (UDMA), Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether Dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)

G-Premio Bond universal adhesive (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)

10-MDP, 4-META, 10-Methacryoyloxydecyldihydrogen Thiophosphate, Methacrylate Acid Ester, Distilled Water, Acetone, Photo-initiators, Silica Fine Powder

Dimethyl Sulfoxide (Sigma–Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA)

C₂H₂OS