The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, sex, and age on temporomandibular disorders subtypes in East Asian patients: a retrospective observational study

Table 4 Number of TMD conditions and frequency of TMD categories before and during the COVID-19 pandemic according to age groups

	Adolescents/young adults (AY)			Middle-aged/older adults (MO)				Between age groups
Variables	Before COVID (BC)	During COVID (DC)	P-value	Before COVID (BC)	During COVID (DC)		P-value	Before COVID P-value	During COVID P-value
Number of pain-related conditions
Mean (SD)	0.57 (0.70)	0.68 (0.79)	0.112^	0.98 (0.68)	1.32 (0.75)	0.004^ DC > BC		*< 0.001^* MO > AY	*< 0.001^* MO > AY
Median (IQR)	0 (1.00)	1.00 (1.00)	0.112^	1.00 (0)	1.00 (1.00)	0.004^ DC > BC		*< 0.001^* MO > AY	*< 0.001^* MO > AY
Number of intra-articular conditions
Mean (SD)	1.02 (0.47)	1.11 (0.57)	0.026^ DC > BC	0.89 (0.60)	1.00 (0.73)	0.332^		0.055^	0.158^
Median (IQR)	1.00 (0)	1.00 (0)	0.026^ DC > BC	1.00 (0)	1.00 (2.00)	0.332^		0.055^	0.158^
Total number of TMD conditions
Mean (SD)	1.59 (0.76)	1.79 (0.89)	0.005^ DC > BC	1.87 (0.92)	2.32 (1.12)	0.011^ DC > BC		0.017^ MO > AY	*< 0.001*^ MO > AY
Median (IQR)	1.00 (1.00)	2.00 (1.00)	0.005^ DC > BC	2.00 (1.00)	2.00 (2.00)	0.011^ DC > BC		0.017^ MO > AY	*< 0.001*^ MO > AY
TMD categories
Pain-related, n (%)	30 (9.9)	41 (11.1)	0.601*	15 (23.8)	27 (26.5)	0.703*		*< 0.001* * MO > AY	*< 0.001* * MO > AY
Intra-articular, n (%)	160 (52.6)	183 (49.6)	0.433*	13 (20.6)	7 (6.9)	0.008* BC > DC		*< 0.001* * AY > MO	*< 0.001* * AY > MO
Combined, n (%)	114 (37.5)	145 (39.3)	0.634*	35 (55.6)	68 (66.7)	0.152*		*< 0.001* * MO > AY	*< 0.001* * MO > AY

COVID = corona virus disease 2019; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range. Results of ^Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests
Bold indicates p < 0.05 for before and during COVID comparisons

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