COVID-19 related risk factors and their association with non-syndromic orofacial clefts in five Arab countries: a case-control study

Table 3 Maternal exposure to COVID-19 factors including infection, life events during COVID-19 pandemic, and fear of COVID-19 participants

Variables			NSOFC (%)		Control (%)	P value
COVID-19 infection
Did the mother tested postive with COVID-19	Yes		50 (13.0)		106 (14.2)	0.578
Did the mother tested postive with COVID-19	No		336 (87.0)		643 (85.8)	0.578
Did the mother suspect she was infected with COVID-19?	Yes		45 (11.7)		211 (28.2)	< 0.001^*
Did the mother suspect she was infected with COVID-19?	No		341 (88.3)		536 (71.8)	< 0.001^*
Did anyone in the family tested positive with COVID-19?	Yes		80 (20.7)		282 (37.7)	< 0.001^*
Did anyone in the family tested positive with COVID-19?	No		306 (79.3)		467 (62.3)	< 0.001^*
Pregnancy characteristic and stress during COVID-19 pandemic
Was the pregnancy planned?	Yes		120 (31.1)		384 (51.3)	< 0.001*
Was the pregnancy planned?	No		266 (68.9)		365 (48.7)	< 0.001*
Threatened abortion	Yes		14 (3.6)		64 (8.5)	0.002*
Threatened abortion	No		372 (96.4)		685 (92.7)	0.002*
If yes to any of the prenatal life event 7 items	Yes		143 (37.0)		162 (21.6)	< 0.001^*
If yes to any of the prenatal life event 7 items	No		243 (63.0)		587 (78.4)	< 0.001^*
Severity of exposure to life events	Non		243 (63.0)		587 (78.4)	< 0.001*
	1-item		89 (23.1)		96 (12.8)
	> 1-item		54 (14)		66 (8.8)
Total fear of COVID score	Mean ± SD	9.16 ± 2.393		8.56 ± 2.077		< 0.001^*

ISSN: 1472-6831