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Table 4 Regression analysis for the association between NSOFC phenotypes (dependent factor) and socio-demographic variable and COVID-19 related factors (independent factors)

From: COVID-19 related risk factors and their association with non-syndromic orofacial clefts in five Arab countries: a case-control study

Variable

AOR (95% CI) P value

Gender of the child

Male

1.056 (0.784–1.422) 0.722

Female

1.000

Monthly income

Low

1.644 (0.890–3.036) 0.112

Moderate

0.944 (0.515–1.729) 0.851

High

1.000

Description of thge place they lived

Metropolis

1.061 (0.707–1.594) 0.774

Urban

2.269 (1.406–3.662) < 0.001*

Rural

1.000

Gestation

< 33 weeks

0.800 (0.320-2.000) 0.633

33–36 weeks

1.566 (1.035–2.371) 0.034*

37–42 weeks

1.000

Paternal education

< high school

1.322 (0.682–2.561) 0.408

high school

1.237 (0.870–1.758) 0.236

> high school

1.000

Maternal education

< high school

0.982 (0.527–1.829) 0.954

high school

0.771 (0.533–1.116) 0.168

> high school

1.000

Suplementation 3-months pregestation

Yes

0.309 (0.144–0.664) 0.003*

No

1.000

Supplementations 1st trimester

Yes

0.832 (0.555–1.248) 0.373

No

1.000

Medications 3-months pregestation

Yes

3.550 (1.720–7.326) < 0.001*

No

1.000

Medications 1st trimester

Yes

1.585 (0.855–2.938) 0.144

No

1.000

Illness 3-months pregestation

Yes

0.955 (0.631–1.444) 0.826

No

1.000

Illness 1st trimester

Yes

1.140 (0.752–1.728) 0.537

No

1.000

Did the mother tested positive with COVID-19

Yes

1.225 (0.749–2.005) 0.419

No

1.000

Did the mother suspect she was infected with COVID-19

Yes

0.479 (0.301–0.765) 0.002*

No

1.000

Did anyone in the family test positive with COVID-19

Yes

0.502 (0.339–0.743) < 0.001*

No

1.000

Threatened abortion

Yes

0.403 (0.202–0.805) 0.010*

No

1.000

Was the pregnancy planned?

Yes

0.619 (0.447–0.858) 0.004*

No

1.000

If yes to any of the prenatal event scale

Yes

2.225 (1.576–3.141) < 0.001*

No

1.000

Relative with birth defects

Yes

11.469 (7.300-18.019) < 0.001*

No

1.000

Consanguinity

Yes

1.109 (0.802–1.534) 0.532

No

1.000

Mother smoking pregestation

Yes

0.500 (0.138–1.818) 0.293

No

1.000

Mother smoking during1st trimester

Yes

8.007 (1.419–45.179) 0.018*

No

1.000

Father smoking pregestation

Yes

1.239 (0.638–2.409) 0.527

No

1.000

Father smoking during1st trimester

Yes

0.765 (0.388–1.510) 0.440

No

1.000

Mean of total fear of COVID scale**

1.104 (1.031–1.183) 0.005*

  1. *Significant at P = 0.05
  2. **from 7 (no fear) to 14 (more fear)