Table 1 Association of Diabetic and Non-diabetic group(s) with different explanatory variables
Characteristics | Categories | Groups | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-diabetics (n = 48) | Controlled T2DM (n = 48) | Uncontrolled T2DM (n = 48) | |||
Gender | Male | 26 (18.1%) | 32 (22.2%) | 28 (19.4%) | 0.44 |
Female | 22 (15.3%) | 16 (11.1%) | 20 (13.9%) | ||
Education level | Illiterate | 11 (7.6%) | 14 (9.7%) | 19 (13.2%) | 0.46* |
Primary school | 8 (5.6%) | 8 (5.6%) | 9 (6.3%) | ||
Secondary school | 11 (7.6%) | 11 (7.6%) | 13 (9.0%) | ||
graduation | 15 (10.4%) | 12 (8.3%) | 5 (3.5%) | ||
More than graduation | 3 (2.1%) | 3 (2.1%) | 2 (1.4%) | ||
Occupation | Professional | 2 (1.4%) | 3 (2.1%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.44* |
Employment | 15 (10.4%) | 16 (11.1%) | 10 (6.9%) | ||
Business | 8 (5.6%) | 13 (9.0%) | 17 (11.8%) | ||
Vocational | 6 (4.2%) | 3 (2.1%) | 3 (2.1%) | ||
None | 17 (11.8%) | 13 (9.0%) | 17 (11.8%) | ||
Frequency of teeth cleaning | Once a day | 16 (11.1%) | 16 (11.1%) | 16 (11.1%) | 0.39* |
Twice a day | 15 (10.4%) | 12 (8.3%) | 5 (3.5%) | ||
Once a week | 9 (6.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | 13 (9.0%) | ||
2–3 times a week | 6 (4.2%) | 6 (4.2%) | 8 (5.6%) | ||
Rarely | 2 (4.2%) | 3 (2.1%) | 6 (4.2%) | ||
Tool used for teeth cleaning | Toothbrush | 39 (27.1%) | 36 (25.0%) | 26 (18.1%) | 0.05* |
Miswak | 5 (3.5%) | 6 (4.2%) | 11 (7.6%) | ||
Others | 4 (2.8%) | 6 (4.2%) | 11 (7.6%) | ||
Last dental visit | ≤ 1 year | 20 (13.9%) | 12 (8.3%) | 20 (13.9%) | 0.02* |
≥ 1 year | 27 (18.8%) | 29 (20.1%) | 35 (24.3%) | ||
None | 1 (0.7%) | 7 (4.9%) | 5 (3.5%) | ||
Reason for a dental visit | Pain | 27 (18.8%) | 29 (20.1%) | 34 (23.6%) | 0.04* |
Sensitivity | 8 (5.6%) | 4 (2.8%) | 3 (2.1%) | ||
Scaling and polishing | 11 (7.6%) | 8 (5.6%) | 3 (2.1%) | ||
Others | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.1%) | ||
None | 1 (0.7%) | 7 (4.9%) | 5 (3.5%) | ||
Tobacco consumption and types used | Smoked tobacco | 7 (4.9%) | 9 (6.3%) | 6 (4.2%) | 0.75 |
Smokeless tobacco | 8 (5.6%) | 11 (7.6%) | 12 (8.3%) | ||
None | 33 (22.9%) | 28 (19.4%) | 30 (20.8%) | ||
Frequency of tobacco consumption | 1–2 times a day | 3 (2.1%) | 3 (2.1%) | 3 (2.1%) | |
≥ 3 times a day | 12 (83%) | 17 (11.8%) | 15 (10.4%) | 0.86* | |
None | 33 (22.9%) | 28 (19.4%) | 30 (20.8%) | ||
Duration of diabetes | ≤ 5 years | 0 (0.0%) | 24 (16.7%) | 11 (7.6%) | 0.001* |
6–9 years | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (11.2%) | 15 (10.5%) | ||
≥ 10 years | 0 (3.3%) | 8 (5.6%) | 22 (15.4%) | ||
Diabetes medication | None | 48 (33.3%) | 13 (9.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.001* |
Oral | 0 (0.0%) | 34 (23.6%) | 34 (23.6%) | ||
Combination (oral + inj insulin) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 13 (9.0%) | ||
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) | Healthy-0 | 30 (20.8%) | 15 (10.4%) | 6 (4.2%) | 0.001* |
Bleeding on probing − 1 | 4 (2.8%) | 5 (3.5%) | 4 (2.8%) | ||
Calculus detected- 2 | 3 (2.1%) | 6 (4.2%) | 8 (5.6%) | ||
Pocket 4–5 mm (gingival margin within the black band of probe) − 3 | 8 (5.6%) | 12 (8.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | ||
Pocket ≥ 6 mm (black band not visible)-4 | 3 (2.1%) | 10 (6.9%) | 19 (13.2%) | ||
Loss of Attachment Index | Loss of attachment 0-3 mm (CEJ not visible) Code-0 | 27 (18.8%) | 17 (11.8%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0.001* |
Loss of attachment 4-5 mm (CEJ within the black band) Code − 1 | 17 (11.8%) | 15 (10.4%) | 11 (7.6%) | ||
Loss of attachment 6-8 mm (CEJ between 5-8 mm ring) Code-2 | 2 (1.4%) | 7 (4.9%) | 15 (10.4%) | ||
Loss of attachment 9-11 mm (CEJ between 8.5-11.5 mm ring) Code- 3 | 1 (0.7%) | 6 (4.2%) | 8 (5.6%) | ||
Loss of attachment ≥ 12 mm (CEJ beyond 11 mm ring)- 4 | 1 (0.7%) | 3 (2.1%) | 9 (6.3%) | ||
Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified (OHI-S) | Good oral hygiene | 27 (18.8%) | 19 (13.2%) | 10 (6.9%) | |
Fair oral hygiene | 7 (4.9%) | 7 (4.9%) | 9 (6.3%) | 0.03 | |
Poor oral hygiene | 14 (9.7%) | 22 (15.3%) | 29 (20.1%) | ||