Table 1 Characteristics of studies and participants included in the systematic review according to the PECO´s principles
Author Year | Study Design | Sample Size | Mean age | Diagnostic criteria | Evaluation Method | Biological Sample | Mediators | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Disease | Control | Disease #1 | Disease #2 | ||||||
Arıkan, Buduneli [34] | Cohort | CG: 79 DG1: 4 DG2: 3 | 53.5 | DG1: 52.8 DG2: 66.3 | No PD deeper than 4 mm, no suppuration, no plaque or gingival inflammation, and indicated no sign of bone loss in the radiographs | Mucositis: Implants with BOP, no suppuration or radiographic evidence of bone loss, and no PD deeper than 5 mm | Peri-Implantitis: Implants with PD deeper than 5 mm, BOP, suppuration, and radiographic evidence of crestal bone loss in at least one site | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Arikan, Buduneli [35] | Case–control | CG: 21 DG: 18 | 52 | 56 | Absence of PD deeper than 4 mm, an absence of suppuration, absence of plaque, absence of gingival inflammation in terms of BOP, and a lack of radiographic signs of bone loss | Peri-implantitis: Implants with the PD of at least one measurement site and frequently more than one—was = 5 mm with BOP and/or suppuration. Radiographic evidence of crestal bone loss involving at least three threads in at least one site but no more than half of the implant length | - | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Ata-Ali, Flichy-Fernandez [8] | Cross-sectional | CG: 54 DG: 24 | 63,6 | 52 | PD < 4 mm, absence of clinical signs of inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa, and without radiographic bone loss | Peri-implantitis: Implant with a PD = 4 mm and signs of acute peri-implantitis (loss of supporting bone as estimated on radiographs, BOP, or suppuration) and no implant mobility | - | Multiplex | PICF | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 |
Casado, Canullo [27] | Case–control | CG: 10 DG1: 10 DG2: 10 | 49.5 | DG1: 52.8 DG2: 57.4 | No clinical signs of inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and no sign of bone loss in all regions | Mucositis: Implants with BOP, red mucosa and swelling spontaneous bleeding, but no radiographic signs of pathologic bone loss | Peri-Implantitis: Clinical signs of inflammation, including implant mobility and suppuration in some cases, and radiographic signs of bone loss | ELISA | PICF | IL-1β, IL-10 |
Chaparro, Sanz [36] | Cross-sectional | CG: 17 DG1: 19 DG2: 18 | NI | DG1: NI DG2:NI | Absence of swelling, bleeding on probing, inflammation, and suppuration; besides the absence of increased probing depth and the absence of radiographic bone loss | Mucositis: Inflammation of the peri-implant soft tissues, without bone loss, but with bleeding on probing, swelling, and suppuration in some cases | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of inflammation, as in peri-mucositis, but with the presence of progressive bone loss | Multiplex | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Chaparro, Beltran [37] | Cross-sectional | CG: 7 DG1: 2 DG2: 10 | 73.8 | DG1: 61.8 DG2: 67.8 | Absence of visual signs of inflammation and bleeding on probing | Mucositis: Bleeding on probing and visual signs of inflammation | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone | Multiplex | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Duarte, de Mendonça [38] | Case–control | CG: 10 DG1: 10 DG2: 15 | 49.1 | DG1: 55.8 DG2: 55.8 | No marginal bleeding, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and radiographic bone loss | Mucositis: Implants with marginal bleeding and/or bleeding on probing, and absence of radiographic bone loss and suppuration | Peri-Implantitis: Implants with PD deeper or equal to 5 mm, BOP and/or suppuration, radiographic bone loss involving at least three threads of the implant but no more than half of the implant length | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Duarte, De Mendonça [28] | Longitudinal | CG: 11 DG1: 15 DG2: 10 12** | 49.1 | DG1: 55.8 DG2: 56.7 59.4** | Implants with PD ≤ 4 mm, without marginal bleeding, BOP, suppuration, and radiographic evidence of bone loss | Mucositis: Implants with marginal bleeding and/or BOP, absence of radiographic bone loss, and suppuration | Peri-Implantitis: Implants with PD ≥ 5 mm, with BOP and/or suppuration and radiographic bone loss involving four threads. Severe Peri-Implantitis: Implants with PD ≥ 5 mm with BOP and/or suppuration and radiographic bone loss involving more than four threads | RT-qPCR | Tissue | RANKL, OPG |
Fonseca, Moraes Junior [39] | Case–control | DG1: 12 DG2: 10 | NI | DG1:65 DG2:59,4 | NI | Mucositis: Patients who showed inflamed sites with bone loss around the implants no deeper than the first implant’s thread and PD ≤ 3 mm | Peri-Implantitis: Patients who showed inflamed sites with at least one implant with bone loss around two or more threads of the implant and pocket depth ≥ 4 mm | Multiplex | PICF | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 |
Ghighi, Llorens [40] | Case–control | CG: 10 DG: 11 | NI | NI | Patients underwent surgery for erupted third molar extraction and should not have either history of periodontitis or peri-implantitis according to clinical criteria of gingival bleeding, PD, and radiographic evidence of bone resorptions | Peri-Implantitis: Patients should present at least one dental implant in function with a titanium abutment, a PD ≥ 5 mm with BOP, and radiographic evidence of bone loss | - | Multiplex | Tissue | RANKL, OPG |
Guncu, Akman [41] | Case–control | CG: 20 DG:27 | NI | NI | Implants with Gingival Index = 0 | Mucositis: Implantts with Gingival Index > 0 | - | ELISA | PICF | IL-1β, IL-10, RANKL, OPG |
Kandaswamy, Sakulpaptong [21] | Cross-sectional | CG: 25 implants DG1: 33 implants DG2: 59 implants | NI | DG1: NI DG2:NI | Absence of visual signs of inflammation and bleeding on probing | Mucositis: Bleeding on probing and visual signs of inflammation | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone | Multiplex | PICF | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 |
Milinkovic, Djinic Krasavcevic [42] | Cross-sectional | CG:35 DG1:50 DG2:45 | 41,57 | DG1: 55,22 DG2: 45,98 | Absence of clinical signs of inflammation; absence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing; no increase in PD; absence of bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting from initial bone remodeling | Mucositis: Bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing with or without increased PD; absence of continuing bone loss as observed on a radiograph: absenceof loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting from initial bone remodeling | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing; PD of ≥ 6 mm; bone levels ≥ 3 mm apical of the most coronal portion of the intraosseous part of the implant | RT-qPCR | PICF | IL-1β, IL-6, RANKL, OPG |
Rakic, Lekovic [43] | Cross-sectional | CG: 25 DG: 23 | 36 | DG: 48 | When there was no implant with signs of inflammation (no BOP), no presence of pockets (PD ≤ 3 mm), and without radiographically evidenced bone loss | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of PPD ≥ 5 mm, with positive BOP and recorded RXBL ≥ 2 threads compared to the radiograph taken at the time of prosthetic replacement | - | ELISA | PICF | RAKL, OPG |
Rakic, Struillou [44] | Cross-sectional | CG: 58 DG1: 52 DG2: 54 | 54,66 | DG1: 57,39 DG2: 51,83 | These controls were defined by PD ≤ 3 mm, no BOP, and no BL evidenced by radiograph | Mucositis: Cases were defined by the presence of peri-implant PD ≥ 3 mm, with positive BOP and absence of radiographic BL compared with the radiograph taken at the time of prosthetic replacement | Peri-Implantitis: Cases were defined by the presence of PD ≥ 5 mm, with positive BOP and recorded radiographic BL involving at least two threads compared with the radiograph taken at the time of the prosthetic replacement | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Rakic, Petkovic-Curcin [45] | Case–control | CG: 189DG: 180 | 49.4 | 53.2 | When there was no implant with signs of inflammation (no BOP), no presence of pockets (PD ≤ 3 mm), and without radiographically evidenced bone loss | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of PD ≥ 5 mm, with positive bleeding on probing and recorded radiographic bone loss involving ≥ 2 threads compared to the radiograph taken at the time of prosthetic replacement | - | ELISA | PICF | RANKL. OPG |
Rakic, Monje [46] | Case–control | CG: 126 DG1: 57 DG2: 69 | NI | DG1: 52.5 DG2: 53.14 | Implants with negative BOP or BOP positive in 1/6 sites being considered the consequence of trauma, with PD < 3 mm and without evidence of radiological bone loss | Mucositis: Implants with negative BOP or BOP positive in 1/6 sites being considered the consequence of trauma, with PD < 3 mm and without evidence of RXBL | Peri-Implantitis: PD ≥ 5 mm, BOP > 1, and RXBL involving ≥ 2 mm compared to the radiograph taken at the time of prosthetic loading | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |
Song, Jiang [47] | Cross-sectional | CG: 14 implants DG: 14 implants | NI | NI | With an absence of soft tissue inflammation and further additional bone loss following initial healing according to radiographic examination at baseline and at follow-up | Peri-Implantitis: With bone loss and increasing PD following initial healing, or with MBL ≥ 3 mm and PD ≥ 6 mm without previous examination data | - | Multiplex | PICF | IL1β x IL1-Ra |
Severino, Napimoga [48] | Case–control | CG: 20 implants DG: 20 implants | 52.27 | 47.5 | Implants with PD of 0–3 mm, without marginal bleeding, suppuration, or bone loss | Mucositis: Implants with PD of 0–3 mm, with marginal bleeding, without suppuration or bone loss | - | ELISA | PICF | IL-6, IL-10 |
Severino, Beghini [4] | Case–control | CG: 10 DG1: 20 DG2: 20 | 75.20 | DG1: 60.88 DG2: 60.81 | Implants with PD of 0–3 mm, without marginal bleeding, suppuration, or bone loss | Mucositis: Implants with PD of 0–3 mm, with marginal bleeding, without suppuration or bone loss | Peri-Implantitis: Implants with marginal bleeding, with PD greater than 3 mm, and bone loss in at least one site of the implant | ELISA | PICF | IL-6, IL-10 |
Teixeira, Lira‐Junior [33] | Case–control | CG: 9 DG1: 10 DG2: 14 | 66.7 | DG1: 59.8 DG2: 59.9 | - | Mucositis: Clinically inflamed sites and no significant radiographic bone loss | Peri-Implantitis: Inflamed sites and bone loss involving two or more implant threads | Multiplex | PICF | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 |
Yakar, Guncu [49] | Case–control | CG: 25 DG: 27 | 50.64 | 55.85 | No sign of inflammation, no sites with less than 4 mm probing depth, and no evident radiographic bone loss at a relevant implant | Peri-Implantitis: Presence of at least one peri-implant site with PD of ≥ 6 mm accompanied by at least one of the other signs as radiographic bone loss purulent exudate or bleeding | - | ELISA | PICF | RANKL, OPG |