Table 2 Characteristics of systematic reviews’ study

Giray 2018

23(13/10)

10.78 ± 2.08

81

WSLs

RI

12(45)

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

RI

-7 ± 3.67

FV

11(36)

FV

-2.36 ± 37

Vollú 2019

67(41/26)

3.62 ± 1.07

117

ACL

SDF

34(65) → 31(61)

12 M

N

ICDAS

SDF

Arr 55 Act 7

ART

33(52) → 26(45)

ART

Arr 43 Act 2

Souza 2021

60(36/24)

6·8

NI

ACL

(ICADAS = 2)

TiF4

20 → 16

18 M

Y

QLF

TiF4

-17.5 ± 3.9 → -14.6 ± 4.0

FV

20 → 16

FV

-15.7 ± 3.2 → -14.9 ± 2.2

Control

20 → 16

Con

-16.4 ± 3.2 → -14.4 ± 2.0

Jablonski 2020

108

NI

108

Artificial WSLs

P11-4 + FV

36

1 M

Y

QLF

P11-4 + FV

-9.8 ± 3.1 → -5.3 ± 2.79

FV

36

FV

-10.12 ± 3.13 → -8.29 ± 2.07

Control

36

Con

-9.7 ± 2.05 → -9.53 ± 2.51

Gözetici 2019

21(10/11)

*4

15.4 ± 2.5

NI

WSLs

RI

21 → 20

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

RI

-23.25 ± 18.21

P11-4

21 → 20

P11-4

-8.15 ± 13.89

FV

21 → 20

FV

-10.1 ± 10.31

Control

21 → 20

Con

-4.15 ± 9.72

Karabekiroğlu 2017

41

14–20

178

orthodontics WSLs

CPP-ACP

20 → 16(89)

36 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

CPP-ACP

13.06 ± 5.90 → 4.76 ± 2.48

Control

21 → 18(89)

Con

12.45 ± 6.52 → 8.20 ± 4.38

Yin, W. 2013

463(237/226)

11.1 ± 0.78

NI

WSLs

Argine + MFP

153 → 144

6 M

N

QLF

Argine + MFP

-9.17 ± 1.96 → -7.95 ± 1.82

NaF

155 → 147

NaF

-9.24 ± 2.16 → -8.43 ± 2.07

Control

155 → 147

Con

-9.06 ± 1.82 → -8.48 ± 2.24

Abdellatif 2021

79(32/47)

5.33 ± 1.0

237

ACL

SDF

40(121) → 27(82)

12 M

N

ICDAS

SDF

Arr 81 Act 1

ART

39(116) → 26(85)

ART

Arr 80 Act 5

Rechmann 2018

37(21/16)

15.9

(13.1–26.0)

579

orthodontics WSLs

CPP-ACFP + CPP-ACP

19(292) → 17(260)

12 M

N

ICDAS

CPP-ACFP + CPP-ACP

21.9 ± 1.3 → 22.3 ± 1.4

Control

18(287) → 18(287)

Control

21.1 ± 1.3 → 22.5 ± 1.5

Batayneh 2020

114(62/52)

4.5 ± 0.5

NI

ECLs

CPP-ACP + NaF

37(81) → 35(77)

6 M

Y

QLF

CPP-ACP + NaF

2.95 ± 2.3

NaF

42(75) → 41(71)

NaF

4.08 ± 2.8

CPP-ACP

35(92) → 31(83)

CPP-ACP

3.69 ± 2.7

Gokce 2017

45

NI

45

Artificial

permanent WSLs

Novamin

15

2W

N

QLF

Novamin

6.44 ± 0.29

NaF

15

NaF

5.41 ± 0.6

probiotic

15

probiotic

3.26 ± 0.52

Alkilzy 2018

70(42/28)

10 ± 2.7

NI

ECLs

P11-4 + FV

31 → 30

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

P11-4 + FV

-18.6 ± 19.8

FV

34 → 32

FV

-1.1 ± 25.8

Bröchner 2011

60(27/33) → 50

15.2(13–18)

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

CPP-ACP

22

1 M

Y

QLF

CPP-ACP

-6.68 ± 0.58 → -4.45 ± 1.82

Control

28

Con

-7.04 ± 1.65 → 4.51 ± 2.46

Doberdoli 2020

90(32/58)

11.833 ± 2.377

30

ECL

FV

30 → 23

12 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

FV

5.5 ± 7.8

P11-4 + FV

30 → 27

P11-4 + FV

-8.5 ± 5.9

P11-4 + matrix

30 → 27

P11-4 + matrix

-7.7 ± 7.8

Restrepo 2016

51(35/17)

10.25 ± 1.14

51

MIH

FV

26

1 M

Y

QLF

FV

-7.47 ± 0.43 → -6.32 ± 0.5

Control

25

Con

-7.22 ± 0.40 → -6.43 ± 0.64

Villalpando 2021

123(61/62)

3–6

NI

WSLs

NaF

45

3W

N

DIAGNOdent

NaF

17.1 ± 1.9 → 14.94 ± 2.07

NaF + HA

39

NaF + HA

17.13 ± 2.05 → 12.77 ± 2.34

CPP-ACFP

39

CPP-ACFP

17.12 ± 2.22 → 12.32 ± 2.45

Güçlü 2016

21(13/8)

8–15

113

Non

orthodontic WSLs

CPP-ACP + FV

6

3 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

CPP-ACP + FV

16.5 ± 2.0 → 3.95 ± 2.6

FV

5

FV

16.9 ± 2.1 → 6.18 ± 3.0

CPP-ACP

4

CPP-ACP

16.7 ± 1.6 → 3.16 ± 1.3

Control

6

Con

16.9 ± 2.2 → 6.42 ± 3.1

Beerens 2018

51(27/24)

15.32 ± 1.6

NI

Orthodontic

ECLs

CPP-ACFP

25

12 M

Y

QLF

CPP-ACFP

–8.07 ± 1.39 → –6.25 ± 2.36

control

26

Con

–8.94 ± 1.72 → –7.10 ± 2.79

Beerens 2010

54(23/31)

15.5 ± 1.6

NI

Orthodontic

ECLs

CPP-ACFP

27

3 M

Y

QLF

CPP-ACFP

–8.45 ± 1.17 → –7.52 ± 1.78

Control

27

Con

–9.10 ± 1.75 → –7.96 ± 2.76

He, T. 2016

211

16.9

(12–25)

528

Orthodontic WSLs

FV

69

6 M

Y

QLF

FV

-13.59 ± 3.75 → -10.91 ± 3.42

FM

70

FM

-13.15 ± 3.75 → -11.03 ± 3.15

Control

72

Con

-13.21 ± 3.39 → -12.14 ± 3.02

Srisilapanan 2013

331(182/149)

11.3 ± 0.2

NI

ECLs

Arigine + MFP

166

6 M

N

QLF

Arigine + MFP

-8.56 ± 2.25 → -7.65 ± 1.79

MFP

165

MFP

-8.68 ± 2.31 → -7.97 ± 2.09

Sitthisettapong 2015

79(38/41)

37.51 ± 2.93

month

NI

ECLs

CPP-ACP

40

12 M

Y

QLF

CPP-ACP

-13.27 ± 3.98 → -12.39 ± 4.26

Control

39

Con

-13.80 ± 4.30 → -11.97 ± 4.03

Kaaij 2015

32

13.3

(10.0–16.6)

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

FR

11

6W

N

QLF

FR

-11.6 ± 5.0

Control

21

Con

-10.3 ± 3.0(final value)

Guo, X. 2022

130(76/54)

18.5 ± 3.9

NI

ECLs

FV

65

3 M

Y

QLF

FV

3.86 ± 9.05

Control

65

Control

0.61 ± 8.27

Singh 2016

41(18/23)

18.31 ± 3.34

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

CPP-ACP

14

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

CPP-ACP

119.07 ± 36.27 → 100.64 ± 42.33

FV

13

FV

105.54 ± 25.20 → 88.85 ± 30.41

Control

14

Con

131.43 ± 41.42 → 118.71 ± 46.46

Lena 2021

30

NR

30

Artificial bovine WSLs

P11-4

10

3W

Y

QLF

P11-4

14.39 ± 6.94

FV

10

FV

10.78 ± 11.42

Control

10

Control

17.66 ± 4.91

Turska 2016

81(47/34)

3.8 ± 1.3

346

ECLs

RI + FV

41

12 M

N

ICDAS

RI + FV

Arr 31 Act 10

FV

40

FV

Arr 13 Act 27

Yuan 2013

52

NI

NI

Artificial Permanent

WSLs

RI

13

1.5 M

N

QLF

Not suitable

CPP-ACP

13

FV

13

Control

13

Bailey 2009

45(22/23)

15.5

(12.3–18.9)

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

CPP-ACP

23(207)

3 M

N

ICDAS

CPP-ACP

pro 10 sta 48 re 149

Control

22(201)

Control

pro 3 sta 80 re 118

Simon 2022

60(25/35)

13–15

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

RI

27

12 M

Y

Area change

RI

15.56 ± 12.6 → 2.17 ± 2

CPP-ACP

29

CPP-ACP

11.76 ± 6.8 → 2.6 ± 2.1

Ciftci 2018

39(17/22)

8·16

96

Orthodontic WSLs

RI

21

3 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

RI

11.02 ± 2.63 → 3.22 ± 1.32

FV

18

FV

12.25 ± 2.73 → 6 ± 2.42

Kannan 2019

12(5/7)

14–30

193

Orthodontic WSLs

RI

6

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

RI

4.48 ± 1.42 → 1.48 ± 0.81

FV

6 → 5

FV

4.60 ± 1.29 → 1.08 ± 0.51

Sedlakova 2020

44(18/26)

27.1 (15–39)

88

Non

orthodontic WSLs

P11-4 + FV

40

9 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

P11-4 + FV

6.7 ± 5.3 → 6.8 ± 5.7

FV

40

FV

6.5 ± 4.9 → 6.4 ± 5.2

Sedlakova 2020

44(18/26)

27.1 (15–39)

88

Non

orthodontic WSLs

P11-4

43

3 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

P11-4 + FV

6.7 ± 5.3 → 6.7 ± 4.5

Control

43

FV

6.5 ± 4.9 → 6.5 ± 4.6

Welk 2020

23(10/13)

15.4

46 → 40

Orthodontic WSLs

P11-4

23 → 20

6 M

Y

Area change

P11-4

-2.7 ± 1.7

Control

23 → 20

Control

-1.5 ± 1.3

Kobeissi 2020

9(4/5)

11.11 ± 3.8

NI

WSLs

P11-4

20

6 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

P11-4

-41.39 ± 16.73%

FV

20

FV

-32.72 ± 7.84%

Bröseler2020

37(17/20)

21.8 ± 5.9

90

WSLs

P11-4

36

6 M

Y

Area change

P11-4

1 ± 0.74 → 0.844 ± 0.215

FV

36

FV

1 ± 0.67 → 1.029 ± 0.235

Bröseler2020

37(17/20)

21.8 ± 5.9

88

WSLs

P11-4 + FV

36

12 M

Y

Area change

P11-4 + FV

1 ± 0.74 → 0.862 ± 0.352

FV

36

FV

1 ± 0.67 → 1.068 ± 0.401

Üstün 2019

32(16 × 2)

NI

16

Artificial permanent

WSLs

P11-4

8

1 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

P11-4

11.0 ± 2.0 → 4.1 ± 0.4

FV

8

FV

13.8 ± 2.4 → 10.1 ± 2.2

CPP-ACFP

8

CPP-ACFP

13.5 ± 1.9 → 8.5 ± 2.3

Control

8

Con

11.6 ± 3.9 → 10.3 ± 3.0

Heravi 2018

24(11/13)

16 ± 3

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

CPP-ACFP

12

3 M

Y

Area change

CPP-ACFP

-3.34 ± 1.08

Control

12

Con

-0.61 ± 0.58

Tomaževič 2022

42(28/14)

17.4 ± 2.8

NI

Orthodontic WSLs

FV

21

6 m

Y

DIAGNOdent

FV

2.8 ± 1.3 → 2.0 ± 1.9

Control

21

Con

3.1 ± 2.6 → 2.0 ± 1.7

Memarpour 2015

90

21.20 ± 6.76

Month

NI

WSLs

Control

31

12 M

Y

Area change

Control

-0.1 ± 1.12

FV

29

FV

-0.51 ± 0.56

CPP-ACP

30

CPP-ACP

-0.63 ± 0.62

Mehta 2013

45

NI

45

Artificial

permanent

WSLs

CPP-ACP

15

3W

Y

Light fluorescence device

CPP-ACP

1.47 ± 0.17 → 1.05 ± 0.06

CPP-ACFP

15

CPP-ACFP

1.47 ± 0.53 → 0.95 ± 0.06

Control

15

Control

1.55 ± 0.18 → 1.01 ± 0.04

Llena 2015

80

6–14

NI

ECLs

CPP-ACP

20

3 M

Y

DIAGNOdent

CPP-ACP

4.91 ± 3.28 → 3.77 ± 3.33

CPP-ACFP

20

CPP-ACFP

4.7 ± 3.42 → 3.12 ± 3.11

FV

20

FV

5.23 ± 4.47 → 4.09 ± 3.60

Control

20

Control

4.44 ± 3.95 → 3.96 ± 2.31