Table 3 Quality assessment according to ROBINS-I tool of the included observational studies
Study | Pre-intervention | At intervention | Post-intervention | Overall risk of bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Due to confounding | Selection of participants into the study | Classification of interventions | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selection of the reported result | Low/Moderate/ Serious/Critical | |
Heidari et al. 2022 [37] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Mosharrafian et al. 2021 [13] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
Kobylńska et al. 2019 [36] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Lin et al. 2017 [9] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Alexander et al. 2015 [34] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
Lin et al. 2011 [15] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Macena et al. 2011 [33] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Park et al. 2009 [32] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Lin et al. 2007 [31] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Padam et al. 2006 [30] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Kim et al. 2008 [35] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |