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Table 1 Comparison of the mean feedback scores between Ask-Tell-Ask and feedback sandwich Models with controlling for potential confounders

From: The use of feedback in teaching undergraduate dental students: feedback sandwich or Ask-Tell-Ask model?

Model

n

Mean (SD)

Mean diff. (95% CI)

t stat (df)

p-value♦

Adjusted mean♯

(95% CI)

Adjusted mean diff. (95% CI)╪

F stat♯

(df)

p-value♯

Ask-Tell-Ask

35

23.2 (5.17)

-1.4 (-3.7, 0.7)

-1.3 (67)

0.197

19.3 (16.0, 22.5)

-1.1 (-3.2, 1.1)

0.98 (1,64)

0.325

Feedback Sandwich

34

24.7 (3.98)

20.3 (16.8, 23.8)

  1. ♦Independent t-test with equal variances assumed
  2. ♯Adjusted mean using ANCOVA controlling for gender and ethnicity
  3. ╪Bonferroni adjustment for 95% confidence interval for difference