Table 1 Abbreviation and definition of hard- and soft-tissue landmarks
From: 3-dimensional analysis of hard- and soft-tissue symmetry in a Chinese population
| Â | Landmarks | Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
Hard-tissue | Frontozygomatic suture | FZ | Medial point on the orbital rim of the zygomaticofrontal suture |
Nasion | N | Middle point of the nasofrontal suture | |
Zygion | Zy | Middle point of the zigomaticotemporal suture | |
Porion | Po | Most upper point of meatus acusticus externus | |
Anterior point | Ap | Deepest point of ramus anterior border | |
Antegonial notch | An | Deepest point of the loncavity between ramus and corpus of the mandible | |
Menton | Me | The most inferior midpoint on the symphysis | |
Orbitale | Or | Most inferior point of the infraorbital margin | |
Soft-tissue | Exocanthion | Ex | Point at the outer commissure of the eye fissure |
Soft tissue orbitale | Or' | Most inferior point of infraorbital rim | |
Soft tissue nasion | N' | Most retruded point in the tissue overlying area of the frontonasal suture | |
Subnasale | Sn | Midpoint on the nasolabial soft tissue contour between the columella crest and the upper lip | |
Cheilion | Ch | Point located at each labial commissure | |
Tragus | Tra | Prominence in front of the opening of the outer ear canal | |
Labiale inferius | Li | Midline soft tissue point directly overlying the hard tissue menton | |
Menton' | Me' | The most inferior midpoint on the symphysis in the soft tidssue | |
Cervical point | Cr | Intersection point of neck and chin region |