Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Number of patients

1,254,515

426,012 (34.0)

247,096 (19.7)

238,763 (19.0)

342,644 (27.3)

Age, years

42.09 ± 11.00

41.26 ± 11.27

42.06 ± 11.04

42.09 ± 10.71

43.16 ± 10.73

 < 0.001

Sex

 < 0.001

 Men

914,065 (72.9)

281,317 (66.0)

180,499 (73.0)

179,180 (75.0)

273,069 (79.7)

 Women

340,450 (27.1)

144,695 (34.0)

66,597 (27.0)

59,583 (25.0)

69,575 (20.3)

BMI (kg/m²)

23.58 ± 3.43

23.29 ± 3.00

23.62 ± 3.03

23.66 ± 4.74

23.86 ± 3.04

 < 0.001

Household income

 < 0.001

 Q1, lowest

152,522 (12.2)

52,299 (12.3)

29,858 (12.1)

27,422 (11.5)

42,943 (12.5)

 Q2

448,653 (35.8)

152,663 (35.8)

88,128 (35.7)

82,123 (34.4)

125,739 (36.7)

 Q3

447,669 (35.7)

150,910 (35.4)

88,923 (36.0)

87,367 (36.6)

120,469 (35.2)

 Q4, highest

205,671 (16.4)

70,140 (16.5)

40,187 (16.3)

41,851 (17.5)

53,493 (15.6)

Smoking status

 < 0.001

 None

680,345 (54.2)

263,493 (61.9)

135,205 (54.8)

124,659 (52.2)

156,988 (45.8)

 Former

174,387 (13.9)

60,235 (14.1)

34,675 (14.0)

34,107 (14.3)

45,370 (13.2)

 Current

399,783 (31.9)

102,284 (24.0)

77,216 (31.3)

79,997 (33.5)

140,286 (40.9)

Alcohol consumption (days/week)

 < 0.001

  < 1

4190 (0.3)

1210 (0.3)

870 (0.4)

791 (0.3)

1319 (0.4)

 1–2

817,263 (65.2)

296,397 (69.6)

161,909 (65.5)

152,666 (63.9)

206,291 (60.2)

  ≥ 3

433,062 (34.5)

128,405 (30.1)

84,317 (34.1)

85,306 (35.7)

135,034 (39.4)

Regular physical activity (days/week)

 < 0.001

  < 3

1,015,033 (80.9)

342,441 (80.4)

199,004 (80.5)

193,334 (81.0)

280,254 (81.8)

  ≥ 3

239,482 (19.1)

83,571 (19.6)

48,092 (19.5)

45,429 (19.0)

62,390 (18.2)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

549,267 (43.8)

173,473 (40.7)

107,227 (43.4)

106,625 (44.7)

161,942 (47.3)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

163,402 (13.0)

51,584 (12.1)

31,312 (12.7)

31,679 (13.3)

48,827 (14.3)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

288,542 (23.0)

92,676 (21.8)

57,918 (23.4)

55,115 (23.1)

82,833 (24.2)

 < 0.001

 Cancer

20,024 (1.6)

7243 (1.7)

4065 (1.7)

3775 (1.6)

4941 (1.4)

 < 0.001

 Renal disease

10,766 (0.9)

3436 (0.8)

2157 (0.9)

2041 (0.9)

3132 (0.9)

 < 0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index

 < 0.001

 0

534,029 (42.5)

176,372 (41.4)

104,765 (42.4)

101,024 (42.3)

151,868 (44.3)

 1

504,294 (40.2)

175,999 (41.3)

99,303 (40.2)

96,657 (40.5)

132,335 (38.6)

  ≥ 2

216,192 (17.2)

73,641 (17.3)

43,028 (17.4)

41,082 (17.2)

58,441 (17.1)