Table 3 Level of the evidence by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)
Certainty assessment | Effect | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Number of studies (participants) | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | Absolute (95% CI) | Certainty |
CAL | 8 (195) | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | publication bias undetected | MD 1.18 lower (1.55 lower to 0.8 lower) | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
PPD | 9 (236) | not serious | seriousa | not serious | not serious | publication bias undetected | MD 0.75 lower (1.35 lower to 0.14 lower) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
REC | 8 (216) | not serious | not serious | not serious | seriousb | publication bias undetected | MD 0.23 lower (0.54 lower to 0.08 higher) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
CEJ-BD | 5 (161) | not serious | not serious | not serious | seriousb | publication bias undetected | MD 0.57 lower (1.14 lower to 0.01 higher) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
BC-BD | 4 (96) | not serious | not serious | not serious | seriousb | publication bias undetected | MD 0.95 lower (1.67 lower to 0.23 lower) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |