Table 2 The comparison between the groups in terms of media use characteristics, parafunctional oral habits, and oral health parameters

PMUM-SF score

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

2.4 (1.9–3.0)

 < 0.001^a

Using media devices

 Television

68.6

67.6

0.902^b

 Smart phone

54.9

74.5

0.014^b

 Tablet

29.4

46.1

0.048^b

 Computer

11.8

25.5

0.049^b

 PlayStation

5.9

5.9

1.00^b

parafunctional oral habits

 Thumb-sucking

0.0

3.9

0.302^b

 Lip sucking or biting

11.8

21.6

0.139^b

 Gnashing teeth

27.5

30.4

0.707^b

 Biting nail

15.7

21.6

0.388^b

 Object sucking or biting

11.8

30.4

0.011^b

Having at least one parafunctional oral habit

25 (49.0)

63 (61.8)

0.133^b

Number of parafunctional oral habits

1 (1–1.5)

1 (1–2)

0.053^a

 1 habit

76.0

54.0

0.057^b

  ≥ 2 habits

24.0

46.0

Plaque index score

1.1 (0.7–1.5)

1.3 (0.8–1.9)

0.042^a

 Excellent

0.0

0.0

0.095^b

 Good

47.1

33.3

 Fair

43.1

44.1

 Poor

9.8

22.5

Oral hygiene

 Good

47.1

33.3

0.099^b

 Fair-poor

52.9

66.7

Gingival index score

0.8 (0.4–1.2)

1.1 (0.6–1.7)

0.012^a

 Free of gingivitis

0.0

0.0

0.036^b

 Mild gingivitis

68.6

51.0

 Moderate gingivitis

29.4

36.3

 Severe gingivitis

2.0

12.7

Gingivitis

 Mild

(68.6)

51.0

0.038^b

 Moderate-severe

(31.4)

49.0

ICDAS max score

5 (4.5–6)

5.5 (5–6)

0.029^a

 Initial lesions

11.8

3.9

0.052

 Moderate lesions

13.7

6.9

 Extensive lesions

74.5

89.2

Caries

 Initial

11.8

3.9

0.085

 Moderate-extensive

88.2

96.1

DMFT

0 (0–1)

1 (0–2)

0.018^a

 Absence of decayed/filled/missing

66.7

48.0

0.029^b

 Presence of decayed/filled/missing

33.3

52.0

DMFS

0 (0–1)

1 (0–3)

0.013^a

 Absence of decayed/filled

66.7

48.0

0.029^b

 Presence of decayed/filled

33.3

52.0

dmft

4 (1–6.5)

4 (2–6)

0.523^a

dmfs

11 (2–19)

9.5 (3–17)

0.592^a